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  • 1
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    The Evolutionary Biology of the Bivalvia (2000)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Bivalves are key components of Recent marine and freshwater ecosystems and have been so for most of the Phanerozoic. Their rich and long fossil record, combined with their abundance and diversity in modern seas, has made bivalves the ideal subject of palaeobiological and evolutionary studies. Despite this, however, topics such as the early evolution of the class, relationships between various taxa and the life habits of some key extinct forms have remained remarkably unclear. In the last few years there has been enormous expansion in the range of techniques available to both palaeontologists and zoologists and key discoveries of new faunas which shed new light on the evolutionary biology of this important class. This volume integrates palaeontological and zoological approaches and sheds new light on the course of bivalve evolution. This series of 32 original papers tackles key issues including: up to date molecular phylogenies of major groups; new hard and soft tissue morphological cladistic analyses; reassessments of the early Palaeozoic radiation; important new observations on form and functional morphology; analyses of biogeography and biodiversity; novel (palaeo)ecological studies
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 494 Seiten)
    ISBN: 1862390762
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/177/1.toc
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Utilization of Citric Acid by some So-called Citrate-non-Utilizing Bacteria (1947)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 160 (1947), S. 573-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] KOSER1 showed that all types of B. coli are capable of growth in a simple medium in which ammonium phosphate constitutes the source of nitrogen, and a fermentable carbohydrate such as glucose or lactose is the source of carbon; when citric acid is substituted for the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/160573b0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attachment of mature oysters (Saccostrea cucullata ) to natural substrata (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 127 (1997), S. 449-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that mature oysters attach to their natural substrata by means of a combination of a modification of the prismatic outer-shell layer formed within the periostracum and a “pressing” action of the mantle (Yamaguchi 1994). However, marine surfaces are seldom smooth enough to allow adhesion without the addition of a fluid adhesive to allow electromagnetic interactions to hold the two bodies together. An electron microscope study of the attachment of the oyster Saccostrea cucullata to its natural substrata has confirmed the presence of a crystalline calcareous cement. The cement shows a range of spherulitic and irregular blocky textures that are reminiscent of diagenetic cement fabrics. Their form suggests that the cement crystallises from a calcium-carbonate-saturated liquor trapped between the underside of the shell and the substratum, with crystallites nucleating on all bounding surfaces of the void.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050032
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  • 4
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    On the materials basis of modern society (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-02
    Description: It is indisputable that modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Those technologies do many things very well, largely because each material is used for purposes to which it is exquisitely fitted. The result over time has been a steady increase in product performance. We show that this materials complexity has markedly increased in the past half-century and that elemental life cycle analyses characterize rates of recycling and loss. A further concern is that of possible scarcity of some of the elements as their use increases. Should materials availability constraints occur, the use of substitute materials comes to mind. We studied substitution potential by generating a comprehensive summary of potential substitutes for 62 different metals in all their major uses and of the performance of the substitutes in those applications. As we show herein, for a dozen different metals, the potential substitutes for their major uses are either inadequate or appear not to exist at all. Further, for not 1 of the 62 metals are exemplary substitutes available for all major uses. This situation largely decouples materials substitution from price, thereby forcing material design changes to be primarily transformative rather than incremental. As wealth and population increase worldwide in the next few decades, scientists will be increasingly challenged to maintain and improve product utility by designing new and better materials, but doing so under potential constraints in resource availability.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Criticality of metals and metalloids (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-23
    Description: Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D “criticality space” consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Illuminating Tungsten’s Life Cycle in the United States: 1975−2000 (2008)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 7
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    Criticality of metals and metalloids [Sustainability Science] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-08
    Description: Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D “criticality space” consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include...
    Keywords: Sustainability Science
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    On the materials basis of modern society [Sustainability Science] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: It is indisputable that modern life is enabled by the use of materials in its technologies. Those technologies do many things very well, largely because each material is used for purposes to which it is exquisitely fitted. The result over time has been a steady increase in product performance. We...
    Keywords: Industrial Ecology: The Role of Manufactured Capital for Sustainability Special Feature, Sustainability Science
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846) (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-27
    Description: Surface seawaters are becoming more acidic due to the absorption of rising anthropogenic CO 2 . Marine calcifiers are considered to be the most vulnerable organisms to ocean acidification due to the reduction in the availability of carbonate ions for shell or skeletal production. Rhychonelliform brachiopods are potentially one of the most calcium carbonate-dependent groups of marine organisms because of their large skeletal content. Little is known, however, about the effects of lowered pH on these taxa. A CO 2 perturbation experiment was performed on the New Zealand terebratulide brachiopod Calloria inconspicua to investigate the effects of pH conditions predicted for 2050 and 2100 on the growth rate and ability to repair shell. Three treatments were used: an ambient pH control (pH 8.16), a mid-century scenario (pH 7.79), and an end-century scenario (pH 7.62). The ability to repair shell was not affected by acidified conditions with 〉80% of all damaged individuals at the start of the experiment completing shell repair after 12 weeks. Growth rates in undamaged individuals 〉3 mm in length were also not affected by lowered pH conditions, whereas undamaged individuals 〈3 mm grew faster at pH 7.62 than the control. The capability of C. inconspicua to continue shell production and repair under acidified conditions suggests that this species has a robust control over the calcification process, where suitable conditions at the site of calcification can be generated across a range of pH conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    Crystalline organization of the fibrous prismatic calcitic layer of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (2014)
    Schweizerbart
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-22
    Description: The outer layer of the shell of members of the genus Mytilus is made of long, slender fibres of calcite (some 1–2 μm wide and hundreds of μm long), which reach the internal surface of the shell at an angle. This microstructure has been called anvil-type fibrous calcitic and its organization, crystallography and relationships to the organic phase are poorly known. We have studied the outer calcitic layer of the Mediterranean mussel M. galloprovincialis by means of optical and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic-force microscopy (AFM). SEM data from other species have also been gathered. All data together imply that the material is extremely well ordered both from the morphological and crystallographic viewpoints. The XRD pole figures show that there are discrete 001 and 104 maxima; therefore, the material has a well-defined sheet texture. In living animals there is an organic membrane (surface membrane) that coats the inner surface of the shell. TEM sections of the decalcified material show that this mainly proteinaceous surface layer is internally laminated and fills all the spaces left between the growing fibres. Every fibre is a monocrystal with three well developed {104} rhombohedral faces at its growth end. One of these faces is directly in contact with, and strictly parallel, to the sublayers of the surface membrane and thus to the inner shell surface. AFM experiments consisting on growing calcite onto shell pieces in which the surface membranes are preserved, show that the calcitic fibres of the shell easily regrow across the membrane, demonstrating that it is permeable to ions. In this way, prisms are able to grow despite the existence of the intermediate membrane in the living animal. Additional experiments of calcite growth onto the inner side of the surface membrane show that crystals grow onto their {104} surfaces. The surface membrane is responsible for the high degree of ordering of the fibrous calcitic layer, because it stabilizes the orientation of a rhombohedral surface, once this is parallel to the protein sublayers. This is one of the very few cases in which the influence of the organic matter on the organization of microstructures can be demonstrated.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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