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  • 1
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    Azithromycin suppresses CD4+ T-cell activation by direct modulation of mTOR activity (2014)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-12
    Description: Advanced macrolides, such as azithromycin (AZM) or clarithromycin (CLM), are antibiotics with immunomodulatory properties. Here we have sought to evaluate their in vitro influence on the activation of CD4+ T-cells. Isolated CD4+ T-cells were stimulated with agonistic anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies in the presence of 0.6 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 10 mg/L or 40 mg/L AZM or CLM. Cell proliferation, cytokine level in supernatants and cell viability was assessed. Intracellular signaling pathways were evaluated using reporter cell lines, FACS analysis, immunoblotting and in vitro kinase assays. AZM inhibited cell proliferation rate and cytokine secretion of CD4+ T-cells in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, high concentrations of CLM (40 mg/L) also suppressed these T-cell functions. Analysis of molecular signaling pathways revealed that exposure to AZM reduced the phosphorylation of the S6 ribosomal protein, a downstream target of mTOR. This effect was also observed at 40 mg/L CLM. In vitro kinase studies using recombinant mTOR showed that AZM inhibited mTOR activity. In contrast to rapamycin, this inhibition was independent of FKBP12. We show for the first time that AZM and to a lesser extent CLM act as immunosuppressive agents on CD4+ T-cells by inhibiting mTOR activity. Our results might have implications for the clinical use of macrolides. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep07438
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
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    Bacterial taxa that limit sulfur flux from the ocean (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: Flux of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from ocean surface waters is the predominant natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere and influences climate by aerosol formation. Marine bacterioplankton regulate sulfur flux by converting the precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) either to DMS or to sulfur compounds that are not climatically active. Through the discovery of a glycine cleavage T-family protein with DMSP methyltransferase activity, marine bacterioplankton in the Roseobacter and SAR11 taxa were identified as primary mediators of DMSP demethylation to methylmercaptopropionate. One-third of surface ocean bacteria harbor a DMSP demethylase homolog and thereby route a substantial fraction of global marine primary production away from DMS formation and into the marine microbial food web.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Howard, Erinn C -- Henriksen, James R -- Buchan, Alison -- Reisch, Chris R -- Burgmann, Helmut -- Welsh, Rory -- Ye, Wenying -- Gonzalez, Jose M -- Mace, Kimberly -- Joye, Samantha B -- Kiene, Ronald P -- Whitman, William B -- Moran, Mary Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):649-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/classification/enzymology/*genetics/*metabolism ; Food Chain ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidoreductases/*genetics/metabolism ; Phylogeny ; Phytoplankton/metabolism ; Plankton/classification/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Propionates/metabolism ; Rhodobacteraceae/classification/enzymology/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; Sulfides/metabolism ; Sulfonium Compounds/*metabolism ; Sulfur Compounds/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Bildung von Popcornpolymeren im System Methylmethacrylat—Methylacrylat (1966)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 214 (1966), S. 101-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01559352
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elektronenspinresonanzsignale in sogenannten Popcornpolymeren (1966)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 97 (1966), S. 1479-1488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Electron spin resonance studies of systems containing popcorn polymers and suitable monomers indicated the spontaneous formation of high concentrations of free radicals during the polymer growth process in these systems. The shape of the signals obtained is characteristic for the free radical derived from the monomer applied. The radicals formed in the popcorn polymer are rather stable at room temperature after removing the monomer by evaporation under high vacuum. The rate of decay increases markedly with increasing temperature corresponding to an apparent activation energy of ∼33 kcal/mole in the styrene—p-divinylbenzene-popcorn polymer—styrene system. Addition of an inert solvent to the dried popcorn polymer also enhances the rate of decay of radicals. Atmospheric oxygen gives a fairly rapid destruction of the radicals in popcorn polymers at room temperature. Popcorn polymer systems offer a new possibility of investigating the reactions of polymer chain radicals by ESR-spectroscopy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Elektronenspinresonanzmessungen an Systemen aus Popcornpolymeren und geeigneten Monomeren zeigen, daß während des Wachstumsprozesses in diesen Systemen spontan hohe Radikalkonzentrationen ausgebildet werden. Das ESR-Signal ist für das von dem verwendeten Monomeren (Styrol, Methylmethacrylat) abgeleitete Radikal charakteristisch. Die im Popcornpolymeren gebildeten Radikale sind auch nach Entfernung des Monomeren durch Abdampfen (im Vak. bei Raumtemp.) recht stabil. Die Abklinggeschwindigkeit nimmt mit steigender Temperatur stark zu (entsprechend einer scheinbaren Aktivierungsenergie von ∼33 kcal/Mol im Styrol—p-Divinylbenzol-Popcornpolymer—Styrol-System). Zusatz eines indifferenten Lösungsmittels zum trockenen Popcornpolymeren erhöht ebenfalls die Abklingeschwindigkeit der Radikale. Durch Einwirkung von Luftsauerstoff werden die Raiikale im Popcornpolymeren bei Raumtemperatur verhältnismäßig rasch zerstört. Die Popcornpolymersysteme eröffnen eine Möglichkeit zur Untersuchung der Reaktionen von Polymerkettenradikalen durch ESR-Spektroskopie.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00902601
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of cefepime in long-term hemodialysis with high-flux membranes (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 56 (2000), S. 61-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Cefepime ; Hemodialysis ; Pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacodynamic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: Among uremic patients on hemodialysis, infectious complications leading to a high incidence of morbidity and mortality are a well-documented problem. In this multi-dose study, the safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of cefepime during high-flux hemodialysis were investigated and an improved dosing schedule is presented. Methods: Six long-term hemodialysis patients received 2 g cefepime i.v. at the end of hemodialysis three times per week. Results: Trough levels of cefepime were 23.3 ± 7.3 mg/l and peak serum concentrations 165.6 ± 48.7 mg/l. After 3.5 h of high-flux hemodialysis, 72.2 ± 6.4% of cefepime was eliminated. The intradialytic half-life was 1.6 ± 0.29 h and the interdialytic half-life 22.0 ± 2.14 h. Conclusion: A dosage of 2 g cefepime after each hemodialysis session achieved drug levels well above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)90 for most of the target pathogens. Thus, the described dosing schedule is an efficient and cost saving antmicrobial therapy for severe infections in long-term hemodialysis patients with no residual renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050721
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buchbesprechungen (1969)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 230 (1969), S. 257-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01521991
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Über die Deformationsdoppelbrechung elastischer Gele (1966)
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 97 (1966), S. 1399-1407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Polystyrenes and polymethyl methacrylates crosslinked by copolymerization with glycol dimethacrylate have been prepared and swelling equilibria of these polymers obtained in different liquids; the deformation birefringence occurring in the elastic compression of the gels has been measured. The variation of the compression birefringence with crosslink density agrees with theoretical predictions, whereas the effect of the swelling agent on the magnitude of the birefringence, especially in the case of the polystyrene gels studied, is more complicated. A discussion of the results in connection with the optical anisotropy of popcorn polymers is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Glykoldimethacrylat vernetzte Polystyrole und Polymethylmethacrylate werden hergestellt und in einer Reihe von Flüssigkeiten zur Gleichgewichtsquellung gebracht. Die bei der elastischen Stauchung dieser Gele auftretende Deformationsdoppelbrechung wird polarisationsmikroskopisch gemessen. Die Abhängigkeit der Stauchungsdoppelbrechung von der Vernetzungsdichte entspricht der theoretischen Erwartung, während der Einfluß des Quellungsmittels auf die Größe der Doppelbrechung, besonders im Falle der Polystyrolgele, komplizierterer Natur ist. Die Ergebnisse werden im Zusammenhang mit der optischen Anisotropie von Popcornpolymeren diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00902590
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anregung der popcornpolymerisation durch mechanische einwirkung (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 90 (1966), S. 298-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1966.020900130
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  • 9
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    Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of cefepime in long-term hemodialysis with high-flux membranes (2000)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-26
    Print ISSN: 0031-6970
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1041
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Die Bildung von Popcornpolymeren im System Methylmethacrylat—Methylacrylat (1966)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1966-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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