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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-08-04
    Description: The crystalline basement of Uruguay was assembled during the Brasiliano Orogeny in the Neoproterozoic Era and was later affected by discrete tectonic activity. A new multi-method low-temperature dataset including (U–Th)/He ages from both zircon and apatite, T – t modelling and K–Ar dating of fine sericite fractions and fault gouge reveal a detailed post-orogenic geological history spanning the Phanerozoic Eon. The juxtaposition of the terranes that compose the area was achieved in the Ediacaran Period, and post-collision was marked by intense exhumation, in which the crystalline basement reached near-surface conditions by the early to mid-Palaeozoic. Regional subsidence promoted sedimentation in the Paraná Basin until the Permian, covering and reheating much of the basement that is at present exposed. Afterwards, deposition and volcanism were mostly confined to its current limits. Regional exhumation of the shield during the Permo-Triassic exposed much of the northern portion of the basement, and the south was further affected by the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean during the Mesozoic. Little exhumation affected the Uruguayan Shield during the Cenozoic, as reflected in its modest topography. The reactivation of inherited Neoproterozoic structures influenced the development of Mesozoic basins and the present-day landscape. Supplementary material: Supplementary data (sample locations, (U-Th)/He data and K-Ar data) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3702043
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: The crystalline basement of Uruguay was assembled during the Brasiliano Orogeny in the Neoproterozoic Era and was later affected by discrete tectonic activity. A new multi-method low-temperature dataset including (U–Th)/He ages from both zircon and apatite, T – t modelling and K–Ar dating of fine sericite fractions and fault gouge reveal a detailed post-orogenic geological history spanning the Phanerozoic Eon. The juxtaposition of the terranes that compose the area was achieved in the Ediacaran Period, and post-collision was marked by intense exhumation, in which the crystalline basement reached near-surface conditions by the early to mid-Palaeozoic. Regional subsidence promoted sedimentation in the Paraná Basin until the Permian, covering and reheating much of the basement that is at present exposed. Afterwards, deposition and volcanism were mostly confined to its current limits. Regional exhumation of the shield during the Permo-Triassic exposed much of the northern portion of the basement, and the south was further affected by the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean during the Mesozoic. Little exhumation affected the Uruguayan Shield during the Cenozoic, as reflected in its modest topography. The reactivation of inherited Neoproterozoic structures influenced the development of Mesozoic basins and the present-day landscape. Supplementary material: Supplementary data (sample locations, (U-Th)/He data and K-Ar data) are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3702043
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1990-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0376-9429
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2673
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: WASH 1 is composed of a defined series of six seastates for a yearly return period; the two lowests seastates 1 and 2 being eliminated, because they do not influence the fatigue life of offshore structures, and the three highest seastates 8, 9 and 10 were combined. The sequence and the duration of the resultant six seastates correspond also to long term observations in the North Sea. A generated load history with the power spectrum of the strain measuremnts used as a basis, is the result for each seastate. The return period of the standardized load history WASH 1 decided upon is 5 × 105 cycles coresponding to one year of wave loads. It is fixed sequence of peaks recorded on tape. Testing frequency and signal shape are optional. The basis for the derivation of standardized load histories is always formed by strain histories measured in operation. WASH 1 was derived on the basis of strain measurements on the FRIGG DP2 platform of IFREMER, Brest, supplemented by measurements of Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg, on the Research Platform NORDSEE. As even comprehensive measurements can only be samples over a limited period of time, the strain measuremments were supported by the results of long-term observations of seastates in the North Sea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: An Improved Method for the Evaluation of Staircase TestsThe assessment of the endurance limit by a time- and cost-saving methode - taking into account the mean, the scatter and the confidence limits - is an important engineering challenge. Among the many methods used up to now, only the staircase method developed by Dixon and Mood in 1948 specifies the confidence limits of the mean and standard deviation.Based on certain considerations it has to be doubted, however, wether the method of Dixon and Mood evaluating the “less frequent occurrence: failures or runouts” gives reliable estimates and confidence limits.Using a large numer of staircase tests, randomly computer-generated by way of the Monte Carlo-method, the evaluation method of Dixon and Mood was examined. An important result was that the estimate of the standard deviation is always too small and the use of the “less frequent occurrence” does not result in optimum confidence limits. The method was therefore improved considering all accurrences: failures and runouts in the evaluation.The new method for the evaluation of the estimate of means, standard deviations and their confidence limits is outlined. Moreover, an optimum way to plan staircase tests is explained. Finally a practical application of the new method is presented.
    Notes: Eine zeitsparende und kostengünstige Ermittlung des Übergangsgebietes ist nach wie vor ein bedeutendes technisches Problem, sollen Mittelwert, Streuung und Vertrauensgrenzen in die Auswertung mit einbezogen werden. Unter den vielen Methoden, die dafür verwendet werden, macht allein das von Dixon und Mood im Jahre 1948 entwickelte Treppenstufenverfahren Angaben über die Vertrauensgrenzen von Mittelwert und Standardabweichungen.Aufgrund bestimmter Überlegungen muß jedoch bezweifelt werden, ob die von Dixon und Mood vorgeschlagene Methode der Auswertung des „weniger oft eintretenden Ereignisses: Brüche oder Durchläufer“ optimale und richtige Schätzwerte und Vertrauensgrenzen ergibt.Durch Treppenstufen-Reihen, die auf dem Rechner in der Art der Monte Carlo-Methode in großer Zahl erzeugt wurden, konnte die Auswertemethode von Dixon und Mood überprüft werden. Dabei stellte sich u. a. heraus, daß der Schätzwert für die Standardabweichung stets zu klein ausfällt und die Verwendung des „weniger oft eingetretenen Ereignisses“ keine optimalen Vertrauensgrenzen erwarten läßt. Das Verfahren wurde daher umgestellt auf die Auswertung sämtlicher Ereignisse.Die neue Auswertemethode zur Ermittlung der Schätzwerte für Mittelwert, Standardabweichung und zugehörige Vertrauensgrenzen wird dargelegt. Weiterhin werden dem Anwender Hinweise für einen optimalen Versuchsansatz gegeben und der Ablauf einer Dauerfestigkeitsabschätzung anhand eines praxisnahen Beispiels erläutert.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 25 (1994), S. 20-29 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Estimates for the standard deviation of samples of metrical, normally distributed statistical variables can be determined by a number of different approaches leading to different results. In order to evaluate these approaches, a large number of samples were generated randomly with the help of a computer from a normally distributed population and evaluated in relation to the mean x and the standard deviation s. The hereby generated Characteristic statistical values x and s can then be compared to the Values of the underlying normal distribution.As this study shows, only the position probabilities Pì (normal ranks) derived by Henning and Wartmann deliver standard deviations ture to the expected values. Rosows commonly applied equation Pi = (3i - 1)/(3n + 1) is equally correct. All other methods examined result in systematic statistical deviations (bias) from the expected value. This includes the estimate s = \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt v $\end{document}, taken from the variance v, which is used almost exclusively. The bias, however, is known due to this study and therefore can be corrected.Should outliers be eliminated, none of the appreaches investigated deliver standard deviations true to the expected values. The treatment of outliers is complex, however, and discussed in the paper.The confidence fpr the estimate of the standard deviation is independent of the method chose, i.e. none of the examined methods has an advantage over the others.
    Notes: Für die Ermittlung des Schätzwertes der Standardabweichung von Stichproben metrischer, normal verteilter Merkmalsgrößen gibt es eine Reihe von Ansätzen, die zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führen. Um diese Ansätze bewerten zu können, wurde eine große Anzahl von Stichproben mit Hilfe des Rechners zufallsartig aus einer normalverteilten Grundgesamtheit erzeugt und in Bezug auf Mittelwert x und Standardabweichung s ausgewertet. Die auf diese Weise generierten statistischen Kennwerte x und s können anschließend in Bezug auf die entsprechenden Kennwerte der zugrundeliegenden Normalverteilung bewertet werden.Wie diese Untersuchung zeigt, ergeben ausschließlich die von Henning und Wartmann abgeleiteten Prozentpunkte Pi (Normal Ranks) erwartungstreue Schätzwerte für die Standardabweichung. Die üblicherweise verwendete und von Rossow stammende Näherungsgleichung Pi = (3i - 1)/(3n + 1) ist gleichwertig. Sämtliche anderen untersuchten Methoden haben systematische statistische Abweichungen (bias) vom Erwartungswert zur Folge. Dazu zählt auch der fast ausschließlich verwendete, aus der Varians v abgeleitete Schätzwert s = \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \sqrt v $\end{document}. Die Fehleinschätzungen sind jedoch auf Grund dieser Untersuchung bekannt und können korrigiert werden.Falls Ausreißer eliminiert werden, ergibt jedoch keiner der untersuchten Ansätze erwartungstreue Schätzwerte für die Standardabweichung. Die Behandlung von Ausreißern ist jedoch komplex und wird im Text diskutiert.Die Konfidenz für den Schätzwert der Standardabweichung ist unabhängig vom gewählten Verfahren, d. h. keines der untersuchten Verfahren hat diesbezüglich einen Vorteil gegenüber den anderen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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