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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-02-02
    Description: Nuclear genome sequencing from extremophilic eukaryotes has revealed clues about the mechanisms of adaptation to extreme environments, but the functional consequences of extremophily on organellar genomes are unknown. To address this issue, we assembled the mitochondrial and plastid genomes from a polyextremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria strain 074 W, and performed a comparative genomic analysis with other red algae and more broadly across eukaryotes. The mitogenome is highly reduced in size and genetic content and exhibits the highest guanine–cytosine skew of any known genome and the fastest substitution rate among all red algae. The plastid genome contains a large number of intergenic stem-loop structures but is otherwise rather typical in size, structure, and content in comparison with other red algae. We suggest that these unique genomic modifications result not only from the harsh conditions in which Galdieria lives but also from its unusual capability to grow heterotrophically, endolithically, and in the dark. These conditions place additional mutational pressures on the mitogenome due to the increased reliance on the mitochondrion for energy production, whereas the decreased reliance on photosynthesis and the presence of numerous stem-loop structures may shield the plastome from similar genomic stress.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-03-20
    Description: Most land plant plastomes contain two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) that promote high-frequency homologous recombination to generate isomeric genomic forms. Among conifer plastomes, this canonical IR is highly reduced in Pinaceae and completely lost from cupressophytes. However, both lineages have acquired short, novel IRs, some of which also exhibit recombinational activity to generate genomic structural diversity. This diversity has been shown to exist between, and occasionally within, cupressophyte species, but it is not known whether multiple genomic forms coexist within individual plants. To examine the recombinational potential of the novel cupressophyte IRs within individuals and between species, we sequenced the plastomes of four closely related species of Juniperus . The four plastomes have identical gene content and genome organization except for a large 36 kb inversion between approximately 250 bp IR containing trnQ-UUG . Southern blotting showed that different isomeric versions of the plastome predominate among individual junipers, whereas polymerase chain reaction and high-throughput read-pair mapping revealed the substoichiometric presence of the alternative isomeric form within each individual plant. Furthermore, our comparative genomic studies demonstrate that the predominant and substoichiometric arrangements of this IR have changed several times in other cupressophytes as well. These results provide compelling evidence for substoichiometric shifting of plastomic forms during cupressophyte evolution and suggest that substoichiometric shifting activity in plastid genomes may be adaptive.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-05-17
    Description: Mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of flowering plants are well known for their extreme diversity in size, structure, gene content, and rates of sequence evolution and recombination. In contrast, little is known about mitogenomic diversity and evolution within gymnosperms. Only a single complete genome sequence is available, from the cycad Cycas taitungensis , while limited information is available for the one draft sequence, from Norway spruce ( Picea abies ). To examine mitogenomic evolution in gymnosperms, we generated complete genome sequences for the ginkgo tree ( Ginkgo biloba ) and a gnetophyte ( Welwitschia mirabilis ). There is great disparity in size, sequence conservation, levels of shared DNA, and functional content among gymnosperm mitogenomes. The Cycas and Ginkgo mitogenomes are relatively small, have low substitution rates, and possess numerous genes, introns, and edit sites; we infer that these properties were present in the ancestral seed plant. By contrast, the Welwitschia mitogenome has an expanded size coupled with accelerated substitution rates and extensive loss of these functional features. The Picea genome has expanded further, to more than 4 Mb. With regard to structural evolution, the Cycas and Ginkgo mitogenomes share a remarkable amount of intergenic DNA, which may be related to the limited recombinational activity detected at repeats in Ginkgo . Conversely, the Welwitschia mitogenome shares almost no intergenic DNA with any other seed plant. By conducting the first measurements of rates of DNA turnover in seed plant mitogenomes, we discovered that turnover rates vary by orders of magnitude among species.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
    Description: The mitochondrial nad1 gene of seed plants has a complex structure, including four introns in cis or trans configurations and a maturase gene ( matR ) hosted within the final intron. In the geranium family (Geraniaceae), however, sequencing of representative species revealed that three of the four introns, including one in a trans configuration and another that hosts matR , were lost from the nad1 gene in their common ancestor. Despite the loss of the host intron, matR has been retained as a freestanding gene in most genera of the family, indicating that this maturase has additional functions beyond the splicing of its host intron. In the common ancestor of Pelargonium , matR was transferred to the nuclear genome, where it was split into two unlinked genes that encode either its reverse transcriptase or maturase domain. Both nuclear genes are transcribed and contain predicted mitochondrial targeting signals, suggesting that they express functional proteins that are imported into mitochondria. The nuclear localization and split domain structure of matR in the Pelargonium nuclear genome offers a unique opportunity to assess the function of these two domains using transgenic approaches.
    Electronic ISSN: 1759-6653
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 72 (1960), S. 973-981 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: In the series of the 2,3-disubstituted chinozalines an entirely new biologically highly active group was discovered. Among 320 hitherto synthesized and biologically examined compounds of this kind, especially the carbonic acid derivatives of the 2,3-dimercapto-chinoxaline are characterized by a high activity against spider mites and mildew fungi. For practical use the chinoxaline-2-3-trithiocarbonate (Eradex) and the 6 methyl-2,3-dithiolcarbonate were found especially promising. Eradex is likewise active against mites of normal susceptibility as well as against resistant mites; it is compatible with plants and entirely nontoxic to warm-blooded animals and useful insects; so it is possible, successfully to approach with its help the problem of mite resistancy, the importance of which is growing continuously.
    Notes: In der Reihe der 2.3-disubstituierten Chinoxaline wurde eine völlig neuartige, biologisch hochaktive Wirkstoffgruppe entdeckt. Unter etwa 320 bisher synthetisierten und biologisch geprüften Verbindungen dieser Art zeichnen sich insbesonders die Kohlensäurederivate des 2.3-Dimercapto-chinoxalins durch eine hohe Wirksamkeit gegenüber Spinnmilben und Mehltaupilzen aus. Für den Einsatz in der Praxis wurden das Chinoxalin-2,3-trithiocarbonat (Eradex) und das 6-Methyl-2.3-dithiolcarbonat als besonders aussichtsreich befunden. Eradex wirkt in gleicher Weise gegen normal sensible und resistente Spinnmilben; es ist gut pflanzenverträglich und für Warmblüter und Nutzinsekten völlig ungiftig, so daß mit seiner Hilfe das an Bedeutung ständig zunehmende Problem der Spinnmilbenresistenz erfolgreich angegangen werden kann.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 80 (1968), S. 118-119 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Beim Übergang von fungizid wirksamen N-Trichlormethylthio- Verbindungen zu den Monofluor-Analogen erhält man Verbindungen mit einem Optimum an biozider Potenz, während die höherfluorierten Derivate im allgemeinen wieder unwirksamer sind. Verschiedene Vertreter aus der Reihe der Fluordichlormethylthio- Verbindungen sind als Blatt- und Bodenfungizide, Akarizide, Insektizide und Bakterizide verwendbar.
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 132-133 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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