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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interstellar ice (1983)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 87 (1983), S. 4220-4229 
    Details
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100244a049
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interstellar Grains (1963)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 1 (1963), S. 267-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.01.090163.001411
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser induced fluorescence and phosphorescence of matrix isolated glyoxal: Evidence for exciplex formation in the A˜ 1Au and a˜ 3Au states (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 1812-1825 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Laser-induced fluorescence (A˜ 1Au→X˜ 1Ag) and phosphorescence (a˜ 3Au→X˜ 1Ag) as well as absorption and excitation spectra of glyoxal in Ar, N2, and CO matrices have been measured at 12 K. Supplementary infrared absorption spectra have also been taken. Although the dominant band in the absorption and excitation spectra is the 000 transition, it is absent in both the fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra leading to the hypothesis that glyoxal forms an exciplex with its nearest neighbor(s) in both the A˜ 1Au and a˜ 3Au states. The equilibrium configuration of the nuclei is distorted in the exciplex producing, after fluorescence or phosphorescence, ground state glyoxal molecules born vibrationally excited while the Franck–Condon factors for the 000 transition vanish. In argon the fundamentals ν7 and ν12 are preferentially excited, corresponding to two different isomers of the complex, while in N2 and CO an unambiguous assignment for the preferentially excited modes cannot be given. The rule of mutual exclusion still holds in the IR spectra, in agreement with the formation of an excited rather than a ground state complex. Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetimes place limits on the quantum yields of the various deexcitation channels and show that localized phonon modes play a dominant role in coupling to the matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.451183
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can Solid Hydrogen condense on Interstellar Grains? (1969)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 224 (1969), S. 251-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The lowest temperature for various types of grains which can reasonably be achieved in the most extreme regions of low radiation density is about 4 K (unpublished work of J. M. G.). This is for a silicate grain the emissivity of which in the microwave region is the largest possible consistent with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/224251a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amino acids from ultraviolet irradiation of interstellar ice analogues (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 416 (2002), S. 403-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Amino acids are the essential molecular components of living organisms on Earth, but the proposed mechanisms for their spontaneous generation have been unable to account for their presence in Earth's early history. The delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds has been ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416403a
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of grains in molecular chemical evolution (1986)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 128 (1986), S. 17-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The observations of dust gas in diffuse and molecular clouds are shown to reflect not only their current state but their past history. The interpretation of infrared spectra of dust in molecular clouds using appropriate core-mantle grains shows that: (1) the kinds and amounts of ices, (2) the relative proportion of such important interstellar molecules as H2O and CO, (3) the evidence for the less abundant solid species X−C≡N, COS, H2S, and (4) the thermal history of the dust may all be demonstrated quantitatively from laboratory analog studies of ultraviolet photoprocessing of relevant ices and from theoretical studies of gas-dust interactions. In diffuse clouds the dust is shown to consist predominantly of refractory organic compounds which originate as residues of the photoprocessing of volatile ices in molecular clouds and which undergo further physical and chemical evolution in the diffuse clouds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656015
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1986)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 128 (1986), S. 3-3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656013
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interstellar molecule formation in grain mantles: The laboratory analog experiments, results and implications (1979)
    Springer
    Astrophysics and space science 65 (1979), S. 215-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory and theoretical studies have been made of the effects of ultraviolet photolysis of interstellar grain mantles which consist of combinations of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen — ‘dirty ice’. It is shown that processes involving photolysis (photoprocessing) of interstellar grains are important during most of their lifetime even including the time they spend in dense clouds. A laboratory designed to simulate the interstellar conditions is described. This is the first time such a laboratory has been able to provide results which may be directly scaled to the astrophysical situations involving interstellar grains and their environment. The evolution of grain analogs is followed by observing the infrared absorption spectra of photolyzed samples of ices deposited at 10 K. The creation and storage of radicals and the production of molecules occur as a result of reactions within the solid. A large number of molecules and radicals observed in the interstellar gas appear in the irradiated ices. Energy released during warm-up is seen from visible luminescence and inferred from vapor pressure enhancement which occurs during warming of photolyzed samples relative to unphotolyzed samples. The evolution of a grain and its role as a source as well as a sink of molecules is pictured as a statistical process within dense clouds. The gradual accretion on and photolysis of an individual grain provides the stored chemical energy the release of which is sporadically triggered by relatively mild events (such as low velocity grain-grain collisions) to produce the impulsive heating needed to eject or evaporate a portion of the grain mantle. An extremely complex and rather refractory substance possessing the infrared signatures of amino groups and carboxylic acid groups and having a maximum mass of 514 amu has been produced at a rate corresponding to a mass conversion rate of interstellar grains of between 2% and 20% in 107 yr. The shape and position of the astronomically observed 3.1 μm band is duplicated in the laboratory and is shown to be a natural consequence of the processing of grain mantles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00643502
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuum limits of discrete gases (1989)
    Springer
    Archive for rational mechanics and analysis 105 (1989), S. 367-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281496
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decay theorems for the Broadwell equations (1991)
    Springer
    Archive for rational mechanics and analysis 113 (1991), S. 177-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00380416
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