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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Bulletin of economic research 39 (1987), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the opportunities for arbitrage which have arisen in the UK when large companies are able to borrow from a commercial bank and on-lend the money in the market at a higher rate. Such arbitrage is commonly called ‘Round-Tripping’. Round-Tripping is investigated in a simple theoretical way, and then a simulation approach is used to estimate the amount of funds involved in Round-Tripping in the 1970s. These estimates tend to support the view that Round-Tripping was probably rather modest in amount in relation to the values of the main monetary aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 437-443 
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 22 (1992), S. 209-221 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interpretation of the effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on temperature is made more difficult by the fact that it is unclear whether sufficient global warming has taken place to allow a statistically significant finding of any upward trend in the temperature series. We add to the few existing statistical results by reporting tests for both deterministic and stochastic non-stationarity (trends) in time series of global average temperature. We conclude that the statistical evidence is sufficient to reject the hypothesis of a stochastic trend; however, there is evidence of a trend which could be approximated by a deterministic linear model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 22 (1992), S. 265-291 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There is growing scientific and public concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will produce global warming and other climatic changes. Although economic activity is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions, information and incentive problems make it difficult to translate concern about global warming into economic behaviour and policy conducive to reducing emissions. The paper considers a set of near term (carbon tax), intermediate term (afforestation, energy efficiency) and long term (new non-fossil fuel technologies) strategies for reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. Each strategy has useful attributes, but shortcomings or limitations too. While the near term and intermediate term strategies can slow and perhaps reverse the growth of CO2 emissions, only a successful long term strategy of fostering the development of some promising non-fossil fuel technologies, such as solar and solar-hydrogen, can eventually halt the build-up of CO2 in the atmosphere. Moreover, public investment in the development of new non-fossil fuel technologies would largely obviate the information and incentive problems that currently stand in the way of an economically viable greenhouse policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 44 (2000), S. 331-349 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The scale-related problem addressed here relates to a difficulty in substituting away from fossil fuels as part of a policy designed to mitigate climate change. The replacement of fossil fuels by renewable forms of energy is a widely advocated means of reducing the build-up greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, the substitution, on a large-scale, of renewable, non-fossil fuel energy sources for fossil fuels requires using vast amounts of land to produce energy. It is shown that, with the exception of nuclear energy, almost all non-fossil fuel energy sources are highly land using, or land-intensive. In particular, the widespread substitution of renewables such as biomasses, wind, solar, and hydro for fossil fuels would require adapting large amounts of land to energy production, land which may have good alternative uses. Thus, the economic feasibility of producing, globally, relatively small amounts of renewable energies is not a good indicator of the feasibility of producing them on a large scale. This implies that substantial reduction in the use of fossil fuels requires the discovery and development of new non-land intensive energy technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: RNase P ; tRNA genes ; tRNA precursors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mature tRNAs are remarkably similar in all cells. However, the primary transcripts from tRNA genes can vary considerably due to differences in gene organization. RNase P must be able to recognize the elements that are common to all tRNA precursors to accurately remove the 5'-leader sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 3 (1993), S. 23-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: “Tax state” ; Debt ; Deficits ; H60 ; H63
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper is motivated by Joseph A. Schumpeter's “The Crisis of the Tax State”. It inquires whether the buildup of government debt in peacetimeprosperity is a threat to the stability, existence or creation of viable “tax states”. The paper begins by setting out Schumpeter's conception of the “tax state” and the nature of recent political-economic events which have reinvigorated the concept. Next the paper sets out some simple debt dynamics and sketches a debt-induced business cycle arising from heavy reliance on debt finance in peacetimeprosperity. Finally, the paper assesses threats to the “tax state” in light of recent work on “path dependence” and positive feedback. An attempt is made to throw some light on whether the plethora of new, and often small, states spawned by the demise of communism can be viable “tax states”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 126-141 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words microbial processes ; contamination ; bioremediation ; lipid analysis ; phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce papier passe en revue les applications des techniques biochimiques basées sur les lipides pour caractériser les communautés microbiennes présentes dans les aquifères et dans les autres habitats souterrains profonds. Ces techniques, telles que l'analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques (PLFA), peuvent fournir des informations sur un ensemble de caractères microbiens, tels que la biomasse, la physiologie, l'identité taxonomique et fonctionnelle, et surtout la composition de la communauté. En outre, l'analyse statistique multivariée des données sur les lipides peut établir les liens entre des changements spatiaux ou temporels dans la communauté microbienne et des facteurs environnementaux. L'utilisation des techniques basées sur les lipides dans l'étude de la microbiologie des eaux souterraines est intéressante parce qu'elle ne nécessite pas de mise en culture et qu'elle peut fournir des données quantitatives sur les communautés dans leur ensemble. Toutefois, les effets combinés de changements physiologiques et phylogénétiques sur la composition d'une communauté peuvent brouiller l'interprétation des données; de nombreuses questions se posent sur la validité des différentes techniques lipidiques. Malgré ces oppositions, la recherche basée sur les lipides a commencéà montrer des tendances dans la composition des communautés dans les aquifères pollués et dans ceux non perturbés; ces résultats contribuent ainsi à notre compréhension de l'écologie microbienne des eaux souterraines et montrent qu'il existe un potentiel pour leur utilisation en vue d'une optimisation de la dépollution biologique des eaux souterraines.
    Abstract: Resumen Se revisan distintas técnicas bioquímicas que se basan en el análisis de lípidos para caracterizar las comunidades microbianas en hábitats subsuperficiales, incluyendo acuíferos. Estas técnicas, entre las que se incluye el análisis de ácidos grasos fosfolípidos (PLFA), pueden proporcionar información sobre toda una serie de características de las comunidades microbianas, como su biomasa, fisiología, identidad taxonómica y funcional y composición. Además, el análisis estadístico multivariado de los datos de lípidos permite relacionar los cambios espaciales o temporales en las comunidades microbianas con factores ambientales. Las técnicas basadas en lípidos son muy útiles para el estudio microbiológico de las aguas subterráneas, puesto que no requieren cultivos y además proporcionan datos cuantitativos de comunidades completas. Sin embargo, la acción combinada de los cambios fisiológicos y filogenéticos en la composición de lípidos en una comunidad pueden confundir la interpretación de los datos, por lo existen muchas cuestiones abiertas respecto a la validez de algunas de estas técnicas. A pesar de estas dificultades, estas técnicas han permitido detectar diferentes tendencias en la composición de las comunidades en acuíferos con y sin contaminación, lo que contribuye a nuestro entendimiento de la ecología microbiana de los acuíferos. Este último aspecto tiene un uso potencial en la optimización de los métodos de biorremediación de acuíferos.
    Notes: Abstract  This paper reviews published applications of lipid-based biochemical techniques for characterizing microbial communities in aquifers and other deep subsurface habitats. These techniques, such as phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, can provide information on a variety of microbial characteristics, such as biomass, physiology, taxonomic and functional identity, and overall community composition. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis of lipid data can relate spatial or temporal changes in microbial communities to environmental factors. The use of lipid-based techniques in the study of groundwater microbiology is advantageous because they do not require culturing and can provide quantitative data on entire communities. However, combined effects of physiological and phylogenetic changes on the lipid composition of a community can confound interpretation of the data, and many questions remain about the validity of various lipid techniques. Despite these caveats, lipid-based research has begun to show trends in community composition in contaminated and pristine aquifers that contribute to our understanding of groundwater microbial ecology and have potential for use in optimization of bioremediation of groundwater pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 8 (1993), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: Canada ; enforcement guidelines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes Canada's merger law, policy, and enforcement activity. The contents of Canada's recently issuedMerger Enforcement Guidelines are explained, analyzed, and compared to the U.S. Merger Guidelines. The roles of concentration, market share, entry conditions, and efficiency defenses in Canadian merger cases are assessed. Reference is made to some recent decisions of Canada's Competition Tribunal, a body created as a part of the major competition policy reforms contained in the 1986 Competition Act.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of financial services research 14 (1998), S. 189-208 
    ISSN: 1573-0735
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most banks have a two-tier pricing system, offering accounts at market-related interest rates and at posted rates that are changed at discrete intervals. In this paper, I develop a model of bank interest rate management. I consider a bank with two classes of loans and deposits in its balance sheet: One pays a market rate of interest, the other a posted rate. Market rates are exogenous and evolve stochastically over time. Posted rates are altered intermittently by the bank itself. The bank faces imperfect arbitrage by its customers between posted and market rate funds. Under simple assumptions about the stochastic process governing the market rate, I derive optimal decision rules for the adjustment of the posted rate and determine conditions under which these rules are asymmetric. A key prediction of the model is a negative correlation between market loan rates and the “gap”; this is more consistent with the behavior of British banks than is the contrary prediction of more “standard” models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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