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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport of copper and manganese to the xylem exudate of sunflower (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 2 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Absorption of copper and manganese by sunflower roots from solution cultures of varying composition was followed by measuring the concentrations of the metals appearing in whole roots, root cell sap and xylem exudate. Total copper in the fibrous roots was linearly related to the concentration of copper in the external solution but the concentration of copper released to the xylem exudate was buffered somewhat against the changes made externally. No such buffering was observed for managenese. A copper-sensitive electrode, responsive only to free cupric ions was used in conjunction with total copper analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to show that little of the copper (usually 〈 1%) existed as a free ion in any phase of the system. Copper in the xylem exudate may be strongly complexed. An electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the xylem exudate indicated that manganese probably was a free divalent ion. Calculation of the electrochemical potential gradient for free cupric ions showed that no special metabolically-linked mechanism need be postulated to account for absorption of copper (or manganese) other than that necessary to maintain the transmembrane potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1979.tb00784.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tolerance of Triticale , wheat and rye to copper deficiency (1978)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 271 (1978), S. 542-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Triticales are hybrids of wheat and rye and there are two major classes: hexaploids, the most promising agriculturally, are derived from crosses between diploid rye (Secale cereale) and tetraploid wheat (Triticum durum), and octo-ploids come from crosses between rye and hexaploid wheat (Triticum ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/271542a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dynamic nature of plant-available manganese during storage of a calcareous soil (1993)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 15 (1993), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Barley ; Wheat ; Manganese ; Availability ; Microorganisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of length of dry storage period and subsequent moist incubation on the availability of Mn was examined in a calcareous soil. Increasing the time of dry storage (for up to 4 years) generally increased the availability of Mn as determined by plant growth and Mn concentration in wheat and barley. Moist incubation of stored soil had variable effects on Mn availability depending on how long the soil had been stored before use and on the method used to assess Mn availability. When assessed by Mn concentration in plant tissues, increasing the moist incubation time (from 0 to 30 days) of soil stored dry for 4 years increased Mn availability in soil initially and thereafter decreased it. However, incubation time had little effect on Mn availability in soil stored for only 1 year or soil used fresh from the field. When Mn availability was assessed using a chemical extractant (DTPA; diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid), both soils showed an initial increase in Mn availability immediately on wetting. However, Mn availability in the soil stored for only 1 year decreased rapidly and remained consistently below that of soil stored for 4 years. In the latter soil, Mn availability also decreased but only after a few days. Microbial studies indicated that there was a decrease in the ratio of Mn oxidising to Mn reducing microorganisms with increasing storage time. Inoculation of one soil with another suggested that the factor responsible for the low Mn availability in soils stored for a short period could be transferred to soils stored for a longer period. These results suggest that the change in Mn availability in a calcareous soil with dry storage is a result of changes in microbial populations that cannot be fully restored by moist incubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336281
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of manganese deficiency and cereal cyst nematode infection on the growth of barley (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 85 (1985), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cereal cyst nematode ; Interactions ; Manganese ; Resistance ; Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two factorial pot experiments, each with four rates of soil-applied manganese (Mn), four levels of cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) and four replicates, were conducted under controlled environmental conditions to investigate the interaction of these factors on growth of barley. The experiments were harvested sequentially to count numbers of nematodes at two developmental stages. Development of the nematodes was independent of the Mn status of the host, indicating no effect of Mn on host resistance. In the absence of CCN, decreased Mn had a small effect on vegetative growth, not significantly decreasing dry weight of tops but tolerance at the higher densities of CCN was considerably reduced at low Mn supply, both vegetative growth and grain yield being depressed. Increasing CCN density exerted little effect on the growth of Mn sufficient hosts. Two field surveys supported conclusions from the pot experiments in that increasing nematode densities were correlated with decreasing plant size only at the site where plants were low in Mn. An implication for the field is that crops infected with the nematode and also low in Mn may yield less than expected because the two factors interact to reduce growth and retard development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197797
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of managanese and nitrate supply on the levels of phenolics and lignin in young wheat plants (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 81 (1984), S. 437-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lignin ; Manganese ; NO 3 − Phenols ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Managanese deficiency (〈 18 μg g−1 Mn) resulted in decreased levels of phenols in wheat shoots and decreased levels of lignins in both roots and shoots. These observed reductions in phenol contents was due largely to a decrease in the alkaline labile phenol component. Levels of nitrate supplied in solution influenced both phenol and lignin production; high nitrate levels (15 mM) resulted in a reduction in phenol and lignin in the shoot but stimulated lignin production in root tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02323058
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of the salinity response of wheat by the genome ofElytrigia elongatum (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 83 (1985), S. 327-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amphiploid ; Elytrigia ; Genome ; Salinity ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Wheatgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring wheat,Elytrigia elongatum (tall wheatgrass), and theTriticum-Elytrigia amphiploid were grown in complete nutrient culture containing, in addition, 0, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl. The 3 genotypes responded quite differently to increasing salinity; the Na concentration of wheat shoots increased in direct proportion to the increase in salinity of the external medium whereas the Elytrigia response was interpreted as showing high affinity for Na at low external Na (40 mM) but comparative exclusion of Na at high salinities (120 mM). In contrast, Na levels of the amphiploid were less than those of either wheat or Elytrigia under both low and high salinities. Thus the amphiploid behaved like wheat at 40 mM NaCl but more like Elytrigia at 120 mM NaCl because Na transport to the amphiploid shoot was restricted over the whole salinity range. The K concentration of the amphiploid shoot at high salinities was significantly greater than the K concentrations of either wheat or Elytrigia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of seed manganese content on the growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) under manganese deficiency (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 96 (1986), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Critical deficiency level ; Manganese uptake ; Seed manganese ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The importance of seed manganese (Mn) content for seedling growth of two wheat cultivars under soil Mn deficiency was demonstrated in growth cabinet experiments. Seed was obtained from different field sites (giving a Mn content range of 0.1 to 6.4 μg Mn seed−1), as well as from soaking seed in MnSO4 prior to sowing. Seed soaking greatly increased the seed Mn content, however, only about 15–20% of this additional Mn was recovered in the seedlings after 26 days growth. In these experiments, the seed rather than the soil provided the major source of plant Mn. Manganese critical deficiency levels (CDLs) were also obtained for leaves, shoots and roots. Increased grain yields from seed soaking were also evident in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374761
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selecting zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 146 (1992), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; genotypic differences ; grain zinc ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; zinc concentration ; zinc deficiency ; zinc uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Deficiencies of zinc are well known in all cereals and cereal-growing countries. From physiological evidence reported elsewhere, it would appear that a critical level for zinc is required in the soil before roots will either grow into it or function effectively; it is likely the requirement is frequently not met in deep sandy, infertile profiles widespread in southern Australia. Because fertilizing subsoils is impractical, this paper presents arguments for breeding cereal varieties with root systems better able to mobilise zinc from soil sources of low availability. Other agronomic arguments are presented in support of breeding for zinc efficiency. Significant genetic variation for this character is described for wheat, barley and oats. Linkage to other efficiency traits (e.g., manganese) is poor suggesting independent mechanisms and genetic control not linked to gross root system geometry. Zinc efficiency traits for sandy and clayey soils appear to be genetically different. Zinc-efficient genotypes absorb more zinc from deficient soils, produce more dry matter and more grain yield but do not necessarily have the highest zinc concentrations in tissue or grain. Although high grain zinc concentration also appears to be under genetic control, it is not tightly linked to agronomic zinc efficiency traits and may have to be selected for independently. High grain zinc is considered a desirable quality factor which not only contributes to the seedling vigour of the next generation but could increase the nutritional value of the grain in areas where a high dependence on grains for food may result in zinc deficiency in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012018
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of seed Zn content for wheat growth on Zn-deficient soil (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 267-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotype ; grain yield ; harvest index ; seed nutrient content ; Triticum aestivum L. ; zinc deficiency ; zinc toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Zn-efficient Excalibur and Zn-inefficient Gatcher) were grown from low-Zn (around 250 ng Zn/seed) and high-Zn seed (around 700 ng Zn/seed) in a Zn-deficient siliceous sand fertilised with 0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.8 or 3.2 mg Zn kg-1 soil. At maturity, plants derived from the high-Zn seed had bigger grains and produced more grains than plants grown from the low-Zn seed when fertilised with nil Zn. Plants grown from high-Zn seed produced more grain dry matter per unit of Zn absorbed by the above-ground parts, transported a larger proportion of absorbed Zn to the grain, and approached the maximum harvest index with the fertilisation rate of 0.05 mg Zn kg-1 compared to 0.2 mg Zn kg-1 soil required for plants derived from the low-Zn seed. The Zn-efficient cv. Excalibuir had greater fertiliser efficiency when fertilised with 0.05 mg Zn kg-1 soil and a greater harvest index at nil Zn treatment compared to the Zn-inefficient cv. Gatcher. Zn-deficient plants produced seed with higher concentrations of all inorganic nutrients determined except Zn. There was a positive relationship between grain dry weight and Zn concentrations in youngest expanded blades sampled at 6 weeks of growth. It is concluded that crops grown from seed containing higher Zn content have a distinct advantage which culminates in greater yield when grown in soils of low Zn status.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011464
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat genotypes differ in Zn efficiency when grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 307-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chelate ; deficiency ; genotypic differences ; growth ; screening ; Triticum ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten Triticum aestivum and two Triticum turgidum conv. durum genotypes were grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution at Zn supplies ranging from deficient to sufficient (free Zn activities from 2 to 200 pM, pZn from 11.7 to 9.7). The critical level of Zn ion activity in solution for healthy growth of wheat plants was around 40 pM. Genotypes differed in the growth response: those classified as Zn-efficient suffered less reduction of shoot growth and did not change the rate of root growth at a Zn supply quite deficient for Zn-inefficient genotypes. Root growth of Zn-inefficient genotypes increased at deficient Zn supply. The shoot/root ratio was the most sensitive parameter of Zn efficiency; Zn-efficient genotypes showed less reduction in the ratio when grown at deficient compared to sufficient Zn supply. Classification of wheat genotypes into Zn-efficient and Zn-inefficient groups after screening in chelate-buffered nutrient solution corresponded well with classification obtained in field experiments on Zn-deficient soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011795
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