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  • 1
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    Arrival Metering Precision Study (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper describes the background, method and results of the Arrival Metering Precision Study (AMPS) conducted in the Airspace Operations Laboratory at NASA Ames Research Center in May 2014. The simulation study measured delivery accuracy, flight efficiency, controller workload, and acceptability of time-based metering operations to a meter fix at the terminal area boundary for different resolution levels of metering delay times displayed to the air traffic controllers and different levels of airspeed information made available to the Time-Based Flow Management (TBFM) system computing the delay. The results show that the resolution of the delay countdown timer (DCT) on the controllers display has a significant impact on the delivery accuracy at the meter fix. Using the 10 seconds rounded and 1 minute rounded DCT resolutions resulted in more accurate delivery than 1 minute truncated and were preferred by the controllers. Using the speeds the controllers entered into the fourth line of the data tag to update the delay computation in TBFM in high and low altitude sectors increased air traffic control efficiency and reduced fuel burn for arriving aircraft during time based metering.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN20040 , AIAA SciTech 2015; Jan 05, 2015 - Jan 09, 2015; Kissimmee, FL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    The Impact of Trajectory Prediction Uncertainty on Air Traffic Controller Performance and Acceptability (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A Human-In-The-Loop air traffic control simulation investigated the impact of uncertainties in trajectory predictions on NextGen Trajectory-Based Operations concepts, seeking to understand when the automation would become unacceptable to controllers or when performance targets could no longer be met. Retired air traffic controllers staffed two en route transition sectors, delivering arrival traffic to the northwest corner-post of Atlanta approach control under time-based metering operations. Using trajectory-based decision-support tools, the participants worked the traffic under varying levels of wind forecast error and aircraft performance model error, impacting the ground automations ability to make accurate predictions. Results suggest that the controllers were able to maintain high levels of performance, despite even the highest levels of trajectory prediction errors.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN10690 , AIAA Aviation 2013; Aug 12, 2013 - Aug 14, 2013; Los Angeles, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    TCL2 National Campaign Human Factors Brief (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The Technology Capability Level-2 National Campaign (TCL2nc) was conducted at six different test-sites located across the USA, during May and June of 2017. The campaign resulted in over 240 data collection flights using 24 different aircraft and involving 23 flight crews. Flights not only varied in duration, but also in the environments and terrains over which they flew. The TCL2nc highlighted beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) and altitude-stratified operations, and saw five partners bring their own, independently built, UAS Service Supplier (USS) for use during the flight tests. This document presents data collected during the TCL2nc that informs the 'Operator' section of the 'Requirements/Best Practices' from the UTM Technical Capability Matrix and Guidelines to Operate (Rios, version as of March 2017). A review of the data collected indicated that although teams were well qualified on paper (in terms of both completing training and having experience with flying UAS vehicles), greater consideration should be given to the unique perspectives and backgrounds of future UAS operators. Overall, teams looked at a variety of sources for information, including USS client-displays, and participants became more mindful of the need to be aware of other vehicles, highlighting the value of reporting information. Observations found that flight crews' time to respond to a UTM issue depended heavily on the team structure, communication efficiency, and crew procedures. These points are discussed in more detail below.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: NASA/TM-2018-219901 , ARC-E-DAA-TN54113
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    A Closer Look at Automation Behavior During a Human-in-the-Loop Simulation (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A 2012 Human-In-The-Loop air traffic control simulation investigated a gradual paradigm-shift in the allocation of functions between operators and automation. Air traffic controllers staffed five adjacent high-altitude en route sectors, and during the course of a two-week experiment, worked traffic under four different function allocation concepts aligned with increasingly mature NextGen operational environments. These NextGen time-frames ranged from near current-day operations to nearly fully-automated control, in which the ground systems automation was responsible for detecting conflicts, issuing strategic and tactical resolutions, and alerting controllers to exceptional circumstances. This paper continues the investigations reported in previous publications. Analyses of data surrounding the conflict-resolution task serve as the context in which we investigate the interactions between controllers and the automation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Communications and Navigation
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN18572 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC 2014); Oct 05, 2014 - Oct 09, 2014; Colorado Springs, CO; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Evaluation of an Arrival Coordinator Position in a Terminal Metering Enviornment (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: NASA has developed an integrated arrival-management solution for terminal area precision scheduling (TAPSS). Ahuman-in-the-loop simulation investigated the performance of the components of the TAPSS system. The focus ofthis paper is set on the terminal radar approach control (TRACON) traffic management controller (TMC) and ArrivalRadar Coordinator (ARC) combined position, which played an integral part in coordinating, adjusting, and instantiatingthe arrival schedule computed by the TAPSS system. Analysis of the simulation data highlights the roleof the ARC within the described terminal metering environment, describes his planning strategies, the interactionswith his tools and coordination with controllers, and lends insights to the impact of the ARCs actions to the arrivalproblem. High levels of comfort and confidence were reported when working with the TAPSS system. Challengesposed the sequencing of unscheduled satellite arrival flights during periods of peak demand. To accommodate thoseflights into the arrival stream, the ARC had to identify sequence slots, while minimizing disruptions to the schedule.
    Keywords: Aircraft Communications and Navigation
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN13686 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics; Jul 19, 2014 - Jul 23, 2014; Krakow; Poland
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Information Displays and Crew Configurations for UTM Operations (2018)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In this paper we discuss how team configuration may influence how infor-mation is shared among team members for low-altitude Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) operations. NASA collected and analyzed observation data gathered during a series of field tests for the UAS Traffic Management (UTM) project. The field tests were part of a larger effort aimed at advancing the UTM concept, conducted at six test-sites spread across the USA. Ground control station (GCS) concepts, flight-crew composition, and crew-size var-ied within and across test-sites. Flight crews took two strategic approaches to organizing their teams. The first of the two approaches was implemented by one third of the flight crews. These crews integrated the role of UTM opera-tor into the duties of existing crew members, merging the current roles with this new one, keeping the UTM Operator collocated with the flight crew. The remaining two thirds implemented a distributed team configuration, where a single UTM operator distributed support across multiple crews. Results from our data collection efforts revealed that UTM Operator location influenced whether flight crews used verbal communication versus displays to acquire UTM information.
    Keywords: Aeronautics (General)
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN54107 , International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics; Jul 21, 2018 - Jul 25, 2018; Orlando, FL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Investigating the Complexity of Transitioning Separation Assurance Tools into NextGen Air Traffic Control (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a study, that introduced ground-based separation assurance automation through a series of envisioned transitional phases of concept maturity, it was found that subjective responses to scales of workload, situation awareness, and acceptability in a post run questionnaire revealed as-predicted results for three of the four study conditions but not for the third, Moderate condition. The trend continued for losses of separation (LOS) where the number of LOS events were far greater than expected in the Moderate condition. To offer an account of why the Moderate condition was perceived to be more difficult to manage than predicted, researchers examined the increase in amount and complexity of traffic, increase in communication load, and increased complexities as a result of the simulation's mix of aircraft equipage. Further analysis compared the tools presented through the phases, finding that controllers took advantage of the informational properties of the tools presented but shied away from using their decision support capabilities. Taking into account similar findings from other studies, it is suggested that the Moderate condition represented the first step into a "shared control" environment, which requires the controller to use the automation as a decision making partner rather than just a provider of information. Viewed in this light, the combination of tools offered in the Moderate condition was reviewed and some tradeoffs that may offset the identified complexities were suggested.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety; Aircraft Stability and Control
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN11337 , Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) 2013; Oct 06, 2013 - Oct 10, 2013; Syracuse, NY; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    How do Air Traffic Controllers Use Automation and Tools Differently During High Demand Situations? (2013)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In a human-in-the-loop simulation, two air traffic controllers managed identical airspace while burdened with higher than average workload, and while using advanced tools and automation designed to assist with scheduling aircraft on multiple arrival flows to a single meter fix. This paper compares the strategies employed by each controller, and investigates how the controllers' strategies change while managing their airspace under more normal workload conditions and a higher workload condition. Each controller engaged in different methods of maneuvering aircraft to arrive on schedule, and adapted their strategies to cope with the increased workload in different ways. Based on the conclusions three suggestions are made: that quickly providing air traffic controllers with recommendations and information to assist with maneuvering and scheduling aircraft when burdened with increased workload will improve the air traffic controller's effectiveness, that the tools should adapt to the strategy currently employed by a controller, and that training should emphasize which traffic management strategies are most effective given specific airspace demands.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN10654 , AIAA Aviation 2013; Aug 12, 2013 - Aug 14, 2013; Los Angeles, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Human-Automation Cooperation for Separation Assurance in Future NextGen Environments (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A 2012 Human-In-The-Loop air traffic control simulation investigated a gradual paradigm-shift in the allocation of functions between operators and automation. Air traffic controllers staffed five adjacent high-altitude en route sectors, and during the course of a two-week experiment, worked traffic under different function-allocation approaches aligned with four increasingly mature NextGen operational environments. These NextGen time-frames ranged from near current-day operations to nearly fully-automated control, in which the ground systems automation was responsible for detecting conflicts, issuing strategic and tactical resolutions, and alerting the controller to exceptional circumstances. Results indicate that overall performance was best in the most automated NextGen environment. Safe operations were achieved in this environment for twice todays peak airspace capacity, while being rated by the controllers as highly acceptable. However, results show that sector operations were not always safe; separation violations did in fact occur. This paper will describe in detail the simulation conducted, as well discuss important results and their implications.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN13669 , HCI-Aero 2014 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace; Jul 30, 2014 - Aug 01, 2014; Santa Clara, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Evaluation of Early Ground Control Station Configurations for Interacting with a UAS Traffic Management (UTM) System (2017)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to report on a human factors evaluation of ground control station design concepts for interacting with an unmanned traffic management system. The data collected for this paper comes from recent field tests for NASA's Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) project, and covers the following topics; workload, situation awareness, as well as flight crew communication, coordination, and procedures. The goal of this evaluation was to determine if the various software implementations for interacting with the UTM system can be described and classified into design concepts to provide guidance for the development of future UTM interfaces. We begin with a brief description of NASA's UTM project, followed by a description of the test range configuration related to a second development phase. We identified (post hoc) two classes in which the ground control stations could be grouped. This grouping was based on level of display integration. The analysis was exploratory and informal. It was conducted to compare ground stations across those two classes and against the aforementioned topics. Herein, we discuss the results.
    Keywords: Air Transportation and Safety
    Type: ARC-E-DAA-TN40493 , International Conference Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2017); Jul 17, 2017 - Jul 21, 2017; Los Angeles, CA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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