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1

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How much sodium accumulation is necessary for salt tolerance in subspecies of the halophyte Atriplex canescens? (1994)

GLENN, E. P. ; OLSEN, M. ; FRYE, R. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Two sympatric subspecies of the xerohalophyte Atriplex canescens Pursh. (Nutt.) were compared for 84 d in outdoor salinity trials in their native coastal desert environment in Sonora, Mexico. Subspecies linearis grows naturally on sea water in the high intertidal zone of estuaries while subspecies canescens grows on dunes. In lysimeter pot experiments, ssp. linearis exhibited 50% growth reduction when the mean root zone salinity reached 1160 mol m−3 NaCl compared to just 760 mol m−3 for ssp. canescens. When irrigated with sea water in a flood plot, ssp. linearis had 50% higher growth rates than ssp. canescens. The specialization of ssp. linearis for a saline environment was associated with greater net transport of Na+ from root to shoot, greater Na+ accumulation in the leaves and a higher Na:K ratio in the leaves compared to ssp. canescens. On the other hand, the two subspecies achieved approximately the same degree of osmotic adjustment in the leaves, equal to two to three times the external salinity, and had similar water use efficiencies. Even at relatively low salinities, both subspecies accumulated larger quantities of Na+ for osmotic adjustment than K+. The results suggest that breeding for Na+ accumulation rather than exclusion might be the more effective strategy for improving salt tolerance of conventional crop plants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00163.x

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2

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Relationship between cation accumulation and water content of salt-tolerant grasses and a sedge (1987)

GLENN, E. P.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 10 (1987), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Salt-tolerant grasses and a sedge were grown at three salinities in a controlled-environment greenhouse. They were measured for growth rate, ash content, water content and cations. Fourteen species from the genera Sporobolus, Aeluropus, Leptochloa, Paspalum, Puccinellia, Hordeum, Elymus, Distichlis and Spartina survived up to the highest salt treatment (540 mol m−3 NaCl). These were designated halophytes. Eleven species from the genera Triticum, Phragmites, Dactylotenium, Cynodon, Polypogon, Panicum, Jovea and Heleocharis only survived up to 180 mol m−3 NaCl and were designated salt-tolerant glycophytes. All species except Distichlis palmeri grew fastest on the non-saline control treatment. All species tended to have higher Na+ contents and lower K+ and water contents on saline treatments compared to control plants. Halophytes differed from glycophytes in having statistically significant lower water contents on the non-saline treatment, and lower ash contents and Na:K ratios on 180 mol m−3. However, the range of values among species was greater than the differences between halophytes and glycophytes. All species appeared to use Na+ accumulation and loss of water as the main means of osmotic adjustment. Three halophytic species were grown for a longer period of time to check the above results. The osmolality of the cell sap was measured directly by the vapour pressure method and compared to calculated values based on Na+, K+ and water contents (and assuming a balancing anion such as Cl−). Na+ and K+ alone could account for greater than 75% of the osmotic potential at all salinities. Hence, the accumulation of organic solutes did not appear to be an important factor in the osmotic adjustment of these species. The results support the conclusion that grasses coordinate Na+ uptake and water loss to maintain a constant osmotic potential gradient between the shoot tissues and the external solution. The results were compared to a previous study with dicotyledonous halophytes at the same location.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-3040.ep11602236

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3

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Comparison of salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of low-sodium and high-sodium subspecies of the C4 halophyte, Atriplex canescens (1992)

GLENN, E. P. ; WATSON, M. C. ; O'LEARY, J. W. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 15 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: The relationship between Na+ accumulation and salt tolerance was tested by comparing subspecies of the halophyte, Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush), that differed markedly in Na+ content and Na:K ratios. Above ground tissues of one low-sodium and two high-sodium subspecies were compared with respect to cation accumulation, osmotic adjustment and growth along a salinity gradient in greenhouse trials. Plants of each subspecies were grown for 80 d on 2.2, 180, 540 and 720 mol m−3 NaCl. At harvest, A. canescens ssp. canescens had significantly lower Na+ levels, higher K+ levels and lower Na:K ratios in leaf and stem tissues than A. canescens ssp. macropoda and linearis over the salinity range (P 〈 0.05 or 0.01). Na:K ratios in leaves of the latter two, high-sodium, subspecies were approximately 2 on the lowest salinity treatment and ranged from 5 to 10 on the more saline solutions. By contrast, Na:K ratios in leaves of the low-sodium subspecies canescens, were only 0.4 on the lowest salinity and ranged narrowly from 1.7 to 2.3 at higher salinities. However, despite different patterns of Na+ and K+ accumulation, all three subspecies exhibited equally high salt tolerance and had similar osmotic pressures in their leaves or stems over the salinity range. Contrary to expectations, high salt tolerance was not necessarily dependent on high levels of Na+ accumulation in this species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb01013.x

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4

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Influence of halophyte plantings in arid regions on local atmospheric structure (1993)

Pielke, R. A. ; Lee, T. J. ; Glenn, E. P. ; [et al.]

Springer

International journal of biometeorology 37 (1993), S. 96-100

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ISSN: 1432-1254

Keywords: Halophytes — Effect on weather ; arid region climate modification ; irrigation — Effect on weather ; vegetation — Effect on weather ; Deliberate climate modification by vegetation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geography , Physics

Notes: Abstract The practicality of modifying climate in arid regions through irrigation has up to now been constrained by the availability of fresh water with which to grow crops. The present results suggest a new paradigm: the use of salt water to grow halophyte crops and modify local climate along coastal deserts and other arid regions where saline water supplies are available.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01214388

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5

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Influence of antecedent water temperatures on standing crop of aSargassum spp.-dominated reef flat in Hawaii (1990)

Glenn, E. P. ; Smith, C. M. ; Doty, M. S.

Springer

Marine biology 105 (1990), S. 323-328

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The standing crop of seaweeds was estimated monthly over a 22 mo period from 1971 to 1973 on a reef at Waikiki, Honolulu, Hawaii. Wet and dry standing crops averaged 1.2 and 0.26 kg m−2, respectively. Approximately 70% of the total biomass was contributed by a single species,Sargassum polyphyllum, and the remainder was contributed by 29 other species. The size of the total standing crop and ofS. polyphyllum in particular was highly correlated with antecedent water temperatures. The highest correlation was with temperatures recorded 3 to 4 wk prior to the estimate of standing crop. Approximately 65% of the variability of the standing crop on the reef was explained by this single variable. Multiple linear-regression analyses did not uncover further significant environmental factors related to theS. polyphyllum standing crop. Temperature may have acted by stimulating the vegetative growth of new plants between the period of minimal abundance in February and maximal abundance in October. The population decline after November relates to the switch to reproductive growth. Total productivity on the reef was estimated to be 16 800 to 19 314 kg dry wt ha−1 yr−1, based on the average size of the standing crop and estimates of removal rate and turnover time, respectively.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01344302

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6

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Effect of salinity and plant species on CO2 flux and leaching of dissolved organic carbon during decomposition of plant residue (1996)

Olsen, M. W. ; Frye, R. J. ; Glenn, E. P.

Springer

Plant and soil 179 (1996), S. 183-188

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: CO2 ; dissolved organic carbon ; flux, halophyte ; salinity

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Mitigation of increased concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere by plants may be more efficient in saline systems with soils lower in organic matter than in other freshwater systems. In saline systems, decomposition rates may be lower and potential soil carbon storage higher than in fresh water systems. The effects of salinity, plant species and time on CO2 surface flux and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached during irrigation were determined in the laboratory in microcosms containing sand amended with residues of two halophytes, Atriplex nummularia and Salicornia bigelovii, and one glycophyte, Triticum aestivum. Surface flux of CO2 and DOC leached during decomposition were monitored for 133 days at 24 °C in microcosms containing different plant residue (5% w/w). Microcosms were irrigated every 14 days with distilled water or seawater adjusted to 10, 20, or 40 g L-1 salts. CO2 flux and DOC leached were significantly higher from microcosms amended with A. nummularia residue compared to S. bigelovii or T. aestivum at all salinities and decreased significantly over time for all plant species. Irrigating with water of high salinity, 40 g L-1, compared to distilled water resulted in a decrease in CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate, but differences were not significant at all sampling dates. Results indicate that plant residue composition, as well as increased salinity, affect CO2 surface flux and DOC in leachate during plant residue decomposition and may be an important consideration for C storage in saline systems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009327

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7

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Agricultural production of halophytes irrigated with seawater (1985)

O'Leary, J. W. ; Glenn, E. P. ; Watson, M. C.

Springer

Plant and soil 89 (1985), S. 311-321

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Atriplex ; Brackish water ; Halophytes ; Irrigation ; Salinity ; Seawater

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Growing agricultural crops with direct seawater irrigation has progressed within the past few years from the conceptual to the experimental phase. This has been accomplished by selecting halophytes with inherently high salinity tolerance for use as crop plants rather than by increasing the ability of traditional crop plants to tolerate seawater. Some of the halophytes being investigated for use as crops in seawater irrigation scenarios have high nutritional value as forage or fodder crops. Most of them also have high digestibility. The limiting factor in such use is their high salt content, but this limitation can be moderated. However, since seeds of halophytes do not accumulate salt any more than do those of glycophytes, the greatest promise for seawater-irrigated halophytes probably will be as seed crops. The seeds of many halophytes have high protein and oil contents and compare favorably with traditional oilseed crops. Sustained high yields of seed and biomass already have been obtained from some halophytes irrigated with seawater, and within the next few years seawater agriculture should proceed from the experimental to the operational phase.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02182250

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8

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Plant Uptake Response to Metals and Nitrate in Simulated Uranium Mill Tailings Contaminated Groundwater (2000)

Baumgartner, D. J. ; Glenn, E. P. ; Kuehl, R. O. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 115-129

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Keywords: manganese ; molybdenum ; nitrate ; plant uptake ; selenium ; uranium

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Carrots, squash, and Sudan grass were irrigated with groundwater amended with manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and uranium stock solutions to simulate a range of concentrations found at ten inactive uranium ore milling sites to determine plant tissue levels after a 90 day growth period in sand in a greenhouse. Sudan grass was also dosed with a series of nitrate concentrations. Except for squash response to uranium, all plantsshowed an increased accumulation of each metal, someto unacceptable levels, with increased metal concentration dose. Squash did not accumulate uranium at any dose tested. Increased nitrate in the irrigation water did not have a major influence on Sudan grass accumulation of any metal.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005110901911

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