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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of the Predicted Blood Group Antibody Anti-Yt b (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 202 (1964), S. 1122-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The serum of a patient, Mrs. B., known to contain anti-Fyb reacting by the anti-human globulin technique, gave some unexpected reactions with some known Fy(b -) blood samples. One of these cell samples was a Bp(+) (ref. 2), so that the presence of anti-Bp was established. There was still an ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2021122a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A “New” Antibody Anti-Lu a Lu b and Two Further Examples of the Genotype Lu(a–b–) (1963)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 796-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The presence of the antibody was confirmed, and it soon became obvious that it gave an extremely high incidence of positive reactions. Eventually two red cell samples giving negative reactions were found. These were both of the genotype Lu(a - b -) and from members of the family described by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/198796a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human C4 polymorphism: Pedigree analysis of qualitative, quantiative, and functional parameters as a basis for phenotype interpretations (1984)
    Springer
    Human genetics 〈Berlin〉 65 (1984), S. 362-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1203
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten families with 82 members were investigated for C4A- and B polymorphism in a blind trial. Phenotyping was done on neuraminidase treated sera by immunofixation and simulataneously by hemolytic overlay electrophoresis. In addition Rg, Ch, BF, C2, HLA-A, B, C, DR, and GLO were determined. After decoding the samples the reliability of blind typing was found to be 84.4% according to segregation patters. Inconsistencies occurred mostly when A 4, A 2, or A 92 were present. The detection of silent A*Q0 and B*Q0 alleles was more critical than that of “difficult” allotypes. The quantitation of the C4A/B ratio by densitometry of stained gels or by conventional immunochemical measurements of serum C4 level could not substantially improve the identification of A*Q0 or B*Q0. C4 dependent activity in radial diffusion hemolysis showed satisfactory correspondence with the number of expressed C4B alleles. At least three haplotypes with two C4A genes (duplicated A genes) were observed as ascertained from offspring analysis in accordance with the MHC segregation pattern. Individuals with the duplicated C4A gene (C4A*3. A*2. in the absence of any other expressed A allele or together with C4A*92) showed only partial inhibition of Rodgers antisera. Partial inhibition of Chido antisera was seen in individuals with C4B 2 (in the absence of other B allotypes). The findings support the hypothesis of at least two structural C4 loci. The also demonstrate the inconsistency of quantitative data in the recognition of silent alleles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00291561
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C4B3 allotype with a novel Ch phenotype (1985)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 22 (1985), S. 609-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fourth component of complement (C4) has two classes of protein, C4A and C4B, both of which have many allelic forms. The serological determinants Rodgers (Rg1, Rg2) and Chido (Ch1, Ch2, Ch3) are generally associated with C4A and C4B, respectively. The C4B3 allotype has been detected in a single Canadian family that expresses a novel Ch phenotype, Ch:−1, 2, −3. There was no information for the Rg determinants, as the C4A * 2B * 3 haplotype would normally express Rg on the C4A protein. Other C4B3 allotypes in informative families have different Ch phenotypes, and the relationships of these within extended major histocompatibility complex haplotypes are discussed in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430309
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    There are two C4 genetic loci and a null allele in the chimpanzee (1987)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 26 (1987), S. 344-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic polymorphism in C4 in the chimpanzee was studied by agarose gel electrophoresis of desialated plasma and development of patterns by immunofixation with antiserum to human C4 and by a C4-sensitive hemolytic overlay. In general, immunofixation patterns showed multiple partially overlapping bands of which only the most cathodal had strong hemolytic activity. In analogy to human C4, the latter were designated C4B, whereas those detected by immunofixation which had little hemolytic activity were designated C4A. Chimp C4A and C4B reacted with human and mouse (monoclonal) anti-C4B and human anti-Ch1 but neither reacted with monoclonal anti-C4A or human anti-Ch2, Ch3, Rg1, or Rg2. On sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the alpha chain of C4B showed a slightly lower apparent relative mass than that of C4A at around M r 93 000. There were three C4A variants and two C4B variants inherited in families as autosomal codominant traits, as C4A-C4B cosegregating pairs with no detectable crossing-over. These pairs were inherited with chimpanzee leukocyte antigen types C2 and BF variants without detectable crossing-over. Half-null C4 haplotypes with C4B *Q0 were observed in family studies. Nine BF, C2, C4A, C4B allelic haplotypic combinations (complotypes) were identified among presumably unrelated chimpanzees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343702
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of human C4 polymorphism: Detection and segregation of rare and duplicated haplotypes (1984)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 19 (1984), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Applying a combined technology for the detection of allotypec variation of the fourth component of human complement (C4), including immunofixation with anti-C4 and C4-dependent lysis after agarose electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of C4 to separate the C4A and B α-chains, and the determination of Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch) determinants of C4 in serum and at the blotted C4 α-chains, we detected rare human C4 allotypes and studied the genetic linkage. Partial inhibitors (p. i.) of anti-Rg and anti-Ch sera were found; the C4A51 allotype characterized as Rg p. i. and the C4A1 and C4B51 allotypes as Ch p. i. were genetically inherited. The C4A1 allotype has a unique Rg- Ch+ C4A α-chain. Duplicated C4A loci, A *3, A *2, and A *5, A *2 were both associated with a C4BQO and the HLA haplotype A3-Cw4-Bw35-DR1. These additions to the already known extensive C4 polymorphism may help to sort out their significance for the biological functions of human C4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345405
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HLA Haplotypes with C4B5; evidence for further allelic heterogeneity (1986)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 23 (1986), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-three individuals from various disease groups and normal controls were identified by immunofixation with anti-C4, C4-dependent lysis, determination of Rg (Rodgers) and Ch (Chido) phenotypes, and immunoblotting with C4-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. We found that one haplotype predominates with the C4B * 5 allele, HLA-A11, B22(55), Cw3, Bf * S, C4A * 4B * 5, which also carries the Ch 1,−2, 3 haplotype. The B5 allotype was also found with HLA-1360, HLA-1335 in Caucasoids, and HLA-B18 in non-Caucasoids; these carried the Ch −1, −2, −3 haplotype. Our results are in accord with an earlier report of two B5 subtypes, B5Rg+ and B5Rg− (Roos et al. 1984). The specificity of the mouse monoclonal antibodies IC4 and 21312 had been previously related to C4A and C4B, respectively, but our results suggest that they relate more closely to Rg and Ch determinants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373815
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two monoclonal anti-C4d reagents react with epitopes closely related to Rg :1 and Ch: 1 (1987)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 26 (1987), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00346528
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new antigenic determinant for C4 of relatively low frequency (1987)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 26 (1987), S. 392-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343713
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antigenic determinants expressed by human C4 allotypes; a study of 325 families provides evidence for the structural antigenic model (1988)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 27 (1988), S. 442-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antigenic determinants of human C4 have been defined by human IgG antisera, Rodgers (Rg) and Chido (Ch), in hemagglutination-inhibition assays (HAI). Eight (2 Rg and 6 Ch) are of high frequency, 〉 90% , and 1, WH, is of low frequency, 15 %. The phenotypic combinations are complex; generally, C4A expresses Rg, and C4B has Ch, but reverse antigenicities have been established both by HAI and by sequence data of selected C4 allotypes. A study of 325 families provides data on the antigenic expression of each C4 allotype and demonstrates strong associations. A structural model for the antigenic determinants of C4 proteins has been proposed and is completely supported by the family material. Of the 16 possible antigenic combinations for C4 proteins, only 3 are undetected. A new Ch combination has been recorded in two French families. The reported sequence variation within the C4d region can account for the antigenic determinants but leaves the location of electrophoretic variation in C4 still unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364431
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