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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 30 (1965), S. 3231-3233 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4804
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0273-1177
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 8 (1971), S. 19-31 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An ordinary differential equation system is given, of which the right side depends on constant parameters. They should be determined together with the initial value of the system, in a way that the curves of the solution approximate pointwise given curves. We can explain the problem as an overdetermined boundary value problem. The numerical solving method is based on the principle of maximum of the control theory. It is applicable to normal and overdetermined problems and needs less expense than theNewton method. It is given a comparison with theNewton method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegeben sei ein gewöhnliches Differentialgleichungssystem, dessen rechte Seiten von konstanten Parametern abhängen. Diese sollen zusammen mit dem Anfangswert des Systems so bestimmt werden, daß die Lösungskurven punktweise gegebene Kurven möglichst gut approximieren. Man kann das Problem als überbestimmte Randwertaufgabe deuten. Das numerische Lösungsverfahren basiert auf einem Maximumprinzip der Kontrolltheorie. Es läßt sich einheitlich auf normale und überbestimmte Probleme anwenden und erfordert weniger Aufwand als dasNewtonverfahren. Ein gegenüberstellender Vergleich mit demNewtonverfahren wird gegeben.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 76 (1989), S. 122-123 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 13 (1974), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Starting with a model for general problems of optimal control, a maximumprinciple can be derived by partial deviation of objective functional and process in direction of state variables. Application of model and method (presented in 5, 6, 7, 8) to ergodic Marcovprocesses with rewards results in Howard's method of policy iteration and a new algorithm, which is more effective, specially when the number of possible decision is great.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einem Modell zur Erfassung von allgemeinen Steuerungsproblemen verschiedenster Art [8], kann ein funktionalanalytisches Maximumprinzip bewiesen werden, das den Wertzuwachs durch eine verallgemeinerte Hamiltonfunktion charakterisiert [5, 6, 7, 8]. Dieses Modell und die entwickelte Methode (auf die in dieser Arbeit nur verwiesen wird) sind allgemein genug, um sie (ohne Grenzübergänget→∞ betrachten zu müssen) auf Markovprozesse im stationären Zustand anwenden zu können. Man wird dann auf die Politikiteration von Howard geführt, weiters aber auf einen neuen Algorithmus, der umso effektiver ist, je mehr Entscheidungen pro Zustand zur Wahl stehen. Hier werden die Rechenschritte genau beschrieben (unsere numerischen Erfahrungen und Testergebnisse gehen darin ein) und zur Verdeutlichung an einem Beispiel nachvollzogen.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple procedure is described for the extraction and purification of alginate from the inner stipes of the kelp Laminaria pallida. Alginate yield was about 10–15% of the dry mass, with a 70:30 mannuronic/ guluronic acid ratio. Analysis of the purified alginate revealed a low polyphenol content while proteins were below detection level. The purified alginate was highly viscous, with 10–15 mPa s and 281 mPa s for a 0.1% and 0.5% solution, respectively, indicating a very high molecular mass (larger than 250 kDa). Bead formation occurred in the presence of divalent cations, but also in the presence of artificial serum (FCSIII) without added divalent cations. The biocompatibility of the alginate was tested with the in vitro mice lymphocyte test as well as by implantation of Ba2+ cross-linked beads beneath the kidney capsule of BB/OK rats. There was no evidence for significant mitogenic activity or fibrotic reaction. Biocompatibility of the alginate was also demonstrated by the encapsulation of human chondrocytes into Ca2+ cross-linked alginate beads. Immobilized chondrocytes grew and remained functional (i.e. they produced collagen).
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Xylem pressure probe ; Turgor pressure probe ; Xylem osmotic pressure ; Diurnal changes ; Liana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Long-term xylem pressure measurements were performed on the lianaTetrastigma voinierianum (grown in a tropical greenhouse) between heights of 1 m and 9.5 m during the summer and autumn seasons with the xylem pressure probe. Simultaneously, the light intensity, the temperature, and the relative humidity were recorded at the measuring points. Parallel to the xylem pressure measurements, the diurnal changes in the cell turgor and the osmotic pressure of leaf cells at heights of 1 m and 5 m (partly also at a height of 9.5 m) were recorded. The results showed that tensions (and height-varying tension gradients) developed during the day time in the vessels mainly due to an increase in the local light intensity (at a maximum 0.4 MPa). The decrease of the local xylem pressure from positive, subatmospheric or slightly above-atmospheric values (established during the night) to negative values after daybreak was associated with an almost 1 ∶ 1 decrease in the cell turgor pressure of the mesophyll cells (on average from about 0.4 to 0.5 MPa down to 0.08 MPa). Similarly, in the afternoon the increase of the xylem pressure towards more positive values correlated with an increase in the cell turgor pressure (ratio of about 1 ∶ 1). The cell osmotic pressure remained nearly constant during the day and was about 0.75–0.85 MPa between 1 m and 9.5 m (within the limits of accuracy). These findings indicate that the turgor pressure primarily determines the corresponding pressure in the vessels (and vice versa) due to the tight hydraulic connection and thus due to the water equilibrium between both compartments. An increase in the transpiration rate (due to an increase in light intensity) results in very rapid establishment of a new equilibrium state by an equivalent decrease in the xylem and cell turgor pressure. From the xylem, cell turgor, and cell osmotic pressure data the osmotic pressure (or more accurately the water activity) of the xylem sap was calculated to be about 0.35–0.45 MPa; this value was apparently not subject to diurnal changes. Considering that the xylem pressure is determined by the turgor pressure (and vice versa), the xylem pressure of the liana could not drop to — in agreement with the experimental results — less than -0.4 MPa, because this pressure corresponds to zero turgor pressure.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 23 (1979), S. B67 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A model will be introduced that describes all essential quantitative relations in a life insurance company and is the basis of middle-range corporate planning. The model separates the so-called insurance technical money flow from the earnings related monies. The insurance technical money flow consists of the expected payments for insurance benefits; these are corresponded by the income from the premiums of the insureds as far as they are needed to finance the insurance benefits — these are the premiums minus the expense loadings. Additionally, on the income side there has to be taken into account the already existing fund of the business in force being defined by 5 items of the balance sheet. The unknown figure to balance the insurance technical money flows in this equation is the interest. From the side of the life insurance company this interest has the character of a “necessary interest” (Sollzins). It has to be earned long-range on funds and incomes to be able to pay the insurance benefits. One can confront this interest with the “actual interest” (Istzins) which is presently earned by the funds of the insureds as it is calculated upon accounting principles (balance sheet, profit and loss account, internal accounting). Mathematically the “necessary interest” of the insurance technical money flows of the business in force can be looked at as the root of a polynome of a high order. With an optimizing model guaranteed intervals will be calculated for this root if all initial data are varying within set margins. Initial data are the probabilities of mortality and lapses the expected values of the insurance technical money flows depend on. The controlling instrument of the “necessary interest” and the “actual interest” makes it possible to separate the insurance technical money flows from the earnings related monies of a period, e.g. a business year or a planning period. This separation is the basis of the middle-range corporate planning; here are all earnings related operations projected on a middle-range basis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das alle wesentlichen quantitativen Zusammenhänge eines Lebensversicherungsunternehmens beschreibt und Basis der mittelfristigen Unternehmensplanung ist. Das Modell sieht die Trennung der sogenannten versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme von den erfolgsabhängigen Zahlungsvorgängen vor. Die versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme sind zum einen die erwarteten Auszahlungen für Versicherungsleistungen; ihnen stehen als Einzahlungen die Beiträge der Versicherungsnehmer gegenüber, soweit sie der Finanzierung der Versicherungsleistungen dienen—es sind dies die Beiträge abzüglich der eingerechneten Kostenzuschläge. Außerdem ist auf der Seite der Einzahlungen das schon vorhandene Guthaben des Bestandes zu berücksichtigen, das durch 5 Bilanzpositionen definiert ist. Unbekannte Größe bei dieser Gegenüberstellung ist der Zins, der die versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme in Einklang hält. Aus Sicht des Lebensversicherungsunternehmens hat dieser Zins den Charakter eines Sollzinses. Er muß langfristig auf Guthaben und Einnahmen erzielt werden, um die Versicherungsleistungen erbringen zu können. Man kann ihm als Istzins den Zins gegenüberstellen, der gegenwärtig auf das Guthaben der Versicherten erzielt wird, so wie er nach Rechnungslegung (Bilanz, Gewinn- und Verlustrechnung, interne Rechnungslegung) ermittelt wird. Mathematisch kann der Sollzins der versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme eines Lebensversicherungsbestandes als Nullstelle eines Polynoms hohen Grades aufgefaßt werden. Mit Hilfe eines Optimierungsmodells werden Garantieintervalle für diese Nullstelle ermittelt, wenn alle Ausgangsdaten innerhalb vorgegebener Bandbreiten variieren. Ausgangsdaten sind die Sterbe- und Stornowahrscheinlichkeiten des Lebensversicherungsbestandes, von denen die Erwartungswerte der versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme abhängen. Das Kontrollinstrument von Sollzins und Istzins ermöglicht es, die versicherungstechnischen Zahlungsströme von den erfolgsabhängigen Zahlungsvorgängen eines Zeitabschnittes, z.B. eines Geschäftsjahres oder eines Planungsabschnittes, zu trennen. Diese Trennung ist die Basis der mittelfristigen Unternehmensplanung; hier werden alle erfolgsabhängigen Vorgänge mittelfristig projiziert.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 23 (1979), S. B65 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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