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  • 1
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    NASA/Max Planck Institute Barium Ion Cloud Project (1973)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 1973-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by American Geophysical Union
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Dissection of Bitcoin’s multiscale bubble history from January 2012 to February 2018 (2019)
    The Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-01
    Description: We present a detailed bubble analysis of the Bitcoin to US Dollar price dynamics from January 2012 to February 2018. We introduce a robust automatic peak detection method that classifies price time series into periods of uninterrupted market growth (drawups) and regimes of uninterrupted market decrease (drawdowns). In combination with the Lagrange Regularization Method for detecting the beginning of a new market regime, we identify three major peaks and 10 additional smaller peaks, that have punctuated the dynamics of Bitcoin price during the analysed time period. We explain this classification of long and short bubbles by a number of quantitative metrics and graphs to understand the main socio-economic drivers behind the ascent of Bitcoin over this period. Then, a detailed analysis of the growing risks associated with the three long bubbles using the Log-Periodic Power-Law Singularity (LPPLS) model is based on the LPPLS Confidence Indicators , defined as the fraction of qualified fits of the LPPLS model over multiple time windows. Furthermore, for various fictitious ‘present’ times t 2 before the crashes, we employ a clustering method to group the predicted critical times t c of the LPPLS fits over different time scales, where t c is the most probable time for the ending of the bubble. Each cluster is proposed as a plausible scenario for the subsequent Bitcoin price evolution. We present these predictions for the three long bubbles and the four short bubbles that our time scale of analysis was able to resolve. Overall, our predictive scheme provides useful information to warn of an imminent crash risk.
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by The Royal Society
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  • 3
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    Lightning strikes to a NASA airplane penetrating thunderstorms at low altitudes (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 499-505
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    NASA/Max Planck Institute Barium Ion Cloud Project. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: NASA and the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE), Munich, Germany, conducted a cooperative experiment involving the release and study of a barium cloud at 31,500 km altitude near the equatorial plane. The release was made near local magnetic midnight on Sept. 21, 1971. The MPE-built spacecraft contained a canister of 16 kg of Ba CuO mixture, a two-axis magnetometer, and other payload instrumentation. The objectives of the experiment were to investigate the interaction of the ionized barium cloud with the ambient medium and to deduce the properties of electric fields in the proximity of the release. An overview of the project is given to briefly summarize the organization, responsibilities, objectives, instrumentation, and operational aspects of the project.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 78; Sept. 1
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    An intercomparison of ground-based total ozone instruments (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Five ground-based total ozone spectrophotometers were intercompared at Wallops Island, VA between October 1979 and January 1981. The tests were conducted to evaluate the stability and accuracy of each instrument over an extended time period. Acceptable performance regarding these two characteristics is essential if an instrument is to be useful in field measurements and network monitoring of the atmospheric total ozone content. The Dobson spectrophotometer was used as the standard of comparison for the Brewer grating spectrophotometer, the USSR M-83 ozonometer, the Canterbury filter photometer, and the SenTran filter photometer. The grating instrument was found to be potentially the equal of the Dobson but was subject to unreliable performance by its rather sophisticated electronic components. The filter photometers performed acceptably for short periods but filter aging and eventual degradation rendered both units unusable before the end of the intercomparison. Finally, the M-83 results were found to be in acceptable agreement with the Dobson throughout the period when certain qualifications are invoked. The accuracy of a single M-83 ozone measurement may be low. Averages tend to improve its agreement with the Dobson.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; May 1982
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Characteristics of lightning strikes experienced by the NASA F-1068 airplane (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thunderstorm penetrations were made during the 1980-1983 thunderstorm seasons by a NASA F-106B instrumented research aircraft in order to record lightning strike data and associated flight conditions. In 1980 and 1981, 10 direct lightning hits were received each year, with most penetrations occurring near the freezing level. In 1982 and 1983, a ground-based UHF-band radar was used to guide this aircraft through the upper, electrically active regions of thunderstorms (at altitudes above 6 km, corresponding to temperatures of less than -20 C), and 370 direct hits were recorded. The results of analyses of the radar, photographic, and surface inspection data are presented. The highest risk of lightning strike in the upper portions of a thundercloud occurred in regions where the ambient temperature was -40 to -50 C. Lightning strikes appear to be triggered by the aircraft.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Lightning strikes to a NASA airplane penetrating thunderstorms at low altitudes (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA Storm Hazards program was dedicated during the 1984 storm season to a study of lightning strikes on an instrumented F-106B aircraft, during penetrations of thunderstorms at altitudes lower than the 6-8 km center of lightning flash density. These altitudes coincide with the negative charge region of thunderstorms. An analysis of the correlation between the UHF band radar data obtained and TV images of lightning strikes indicates that, with a known aircraft position relative to the radar, the lightning channel motion can be adequately interpreted on the basis of radar echo evolution.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 86-0021
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Wallops severe storms measurement capability (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some of the instrumentation system used in support of NASA'S Storm Hazards Program are described. These systems include the Radar Atmospheric Research Facility (RARF) with its Space Range Radar and a near real time display from the National Weather Service WSR-57 radar, a lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR), and a Ryan Stormscope. The RARF system can detect, track, and quantify the properties of severe storms. Simultaneous measurements in the UHF (70 cm), S (10 cm), and C (5 cm) bands can be made of clouds and precipitation to deduce particle size and characteristics, including quantitive cross sections of individual hailstones and raindrops. Relative attenuation at these wavelenghts can be used to calculate path integrated rainfall and water content. The track of an instrument aircraft can be displayed on S-band reflectivity map of the individual storm cells. The LDAR system can determine the location of lightning discharges in real time and measure and record the electric field waveform for further study. The Ryan Stormscope can detect and range lightning out to 320 kilometers.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center The 1980 Aircraft Safety and Operating Probl., Pt. 1; p 279-291
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Conditions for lightning strikes to an airplane in a thunderstorm (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Conditions conducive to lightning strikes on aircraft were determined through the 1982 Storm Hazards Program. UHF-radar and SPANDAR were used to guide a NASA F-106B research aircraft through the upper regions of active thunderstorms to facilitate direct lightning strikes to the aircraft. Analysis of radar echoes from lightning at the moments of the strikes suggests that the aircraft itself triggers the lightning, in both stormy and nonstormy clouds, and that the induced flashes are not much different from naturally occurring intra-cloud flashes. The highest risk for a direct strike in the upper portions of a thunderstorm occurred where the ambient temperature was -40 C or colder, where turbulence and precipitation were negligible to light, and where the lightning flash rate was no greater than 5 flashes per minute.
    Keywords: AIR TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY
    Type: AIAA PAPER 84-0468
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Facilities for meteorological research at NASA Goddard/Wallops Flight Facility (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The technical characteristics of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Facility, the improvements being made to the instrumentation there which will enhance its usefulness in atmospheric research, and several of the on-going research programs are described. Among the area of atmospheric research discussed are clouds and precipitation, lightning, ozone, wind, and storms. Meteorological instruments including Doppler radar, spectrophotometers, and ozone sensors are mentioned. Atmospheric research relevant to aircraft design and COMSTAR communication satellites is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-84422 , NAS 1.15:84422
    Format: application/pdf
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