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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ancient co-speciation of simian foamy viruses and primates (2005)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 434 (2005), S. 376-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although parasite–host co-speciation is a long-held hypothesis, convincing evidence for long-term co-speciation remains elusive, largely because of small numbers of hosts and parasites studied and uncertainty over rates of evolutionary change. Co-speciation is especially rare in RNA ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03341
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutualism between a leguminous tree and large African monkeys as pollinators (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Mutualism ; Feeding ecology ; Pollination ; Caesalpinioideae ; Monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations of a monkey community in a forest of the Zaire Basin show that four species intensively lick the nectar of Daniellia pynaertii (Caesalpinoideae) for 5 months of the year; nectar makes up a mean of 20% and a maximum of 50% of monthly plant feeding records (Fig. 3). Such intensive nectar-feeding by monkeys of up to 8 kg body weight probably developed in these basically frugivorous primates as an alternative strategy to cope with a shortage of fleshy fruits. This would have been possible due to the high density of the plant species, the synchrony and abundance of its flowering (Fig. 2), and the large size of the nectar drop and its nutritional value. Patterns of monkey movements among Daniellia trees show that one flowering tree may receive up to 10 species visits and 30 individual visits per day, for a total of up to 141 min. (Table 1). A monkey troop can visit 12 trees in succession over less than 3 h (Fig. 4). This suggests that monkeys are able to promote pollen transfer both among flowers of the same tree and between conspecific trees. The individual tree fruiting index is positively correlated with its flowering index and with the amount of visits by monkeys, indicating at least that monkeys do not inhibit the reproductive ability of flowers (Fig. 5). These results suggest that monkeys can be considered as a guild of effective pollinators. Long-term coevolution between the plant and its present-day pollinators seems unlikely, and we suggest that monkeys replaced other pollinators, such as Lepidoptera. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that tubular flowers adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera are found in affine species of the same genus and of affine genera, the latter being known to be pollinated by these insects. In contrast, D. pynaertii flowers typically meet the pollination syndrome currently defined for attracting large mammals: notably conspicuousness and open morphology of the flowers, nectar colour and abundance. These characteristics suggest that coadaptation between monkeys and plant or at least one-sided adaptation has operated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167745
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutualism between a leguminous tree and large African monkeys as pollinators (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words: Mutualism – Feeding ecology – Pollination – Caesalpinioideae – Monkeys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary. Observations of a monkey community in a forest of the Zaire Basin show that four species intensively lick the nectar of Daniellia pynaertii (Caesalpinoideae) for 5 months of the year; nectar makes up a mean of 20% and a maximum of 50% of monthly plant feeding records (Fig. 3). Such intensive nectar-feeding by monkeys of up to 8 kg body weight probably developed in these basically frugivorous primates as an alternative strategy to cope with a shortage of fleshy fruits. This would have been possible due to the high density of the plant species, the synchrony and abundance of its flowering (Fig. 2), and the large size of the nectar drop and its nutritional value. Patterns of monkey movements among Daniellia trees show that one flowering tree may receive up to 10 spe- cies visits and 30 individual visits per day, for a total of up to 141 min. (Table 1). A monkey troop can visit 12 trees in succession over less than 3 h (Fig. 4). This suggests that monkeys are able to promote pollen transfer both among flowers of the same tree and between conspecific trees. The individual tree fruiting index is positively correlated with its flowering index and with the amount of visits by monkeys, indicating at least that monkeys do not inhibit the reproductive ability of flowers (Fig. 5). These results suggest that monkeys can be considered as a guild of effective pollinators. Long-term coevolution between the plant and its present-day pollinators seems unlikely, and we suggest that monkeys replaced other pollinators, such as Lepidoptera. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that tubular flowers adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera are found in affine species of the same genus and of affine genera, the latter being known to be pollinated by these insects. In contrast, D. pynaertii flowers typically meet the pollination syndrome currently defined for attracting large mammals: notably conspicuousness and open morphology of the flowers, nectar colour and abundance. These characteristics suggest that coadaptation between monkeys and plant or at least one-sided adaptation has operated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167745
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monospecific vs polyspecific life: A comparative study of foraging and antipredatory tactics in a community of Cercopithecus monkeys (1983)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 12 (1983), S. 325-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The analysis of ranging patterns of both mono and polyspecific troops of Cercopithecus cephus, C. pogonias, and C. nictitans has shown that association results in a change of habitat use, including a less intensive exploitation and a better selection of the areas with the richest supply of fruit species. Consequently, associated species of Cercopithecus showed a more efficient search for fruit and a more diversified diet. In contrast, no such evidence was found for insect foraging. A clear interspecific division of roles in the patterns of waring about aerial and terrestrial predators has been demonstrated. The nictitans and pogonias species, living in the higher strata, were informed of terrestrial predators by C. cephus monkeys, which live lower. In turn, the latter benefitted from the C. pogonias male's loud calls given in the presence of aerial danger. Some evidence suggests that predation by the monkey-eagle upon C. cephus was decreased by the association. Although both foraging efficiency and predator avoidance appeared to be improved by polyspecific association, several facts suggest that predation pressure, notably by the crowned hawk eagle, was the pime factor for the evolution of this life style.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302901
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seed dispersal versus seed predation: an inter-site comparison of two related African monkeys (1993)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 107-108 (1993), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: C.(mona) pogonias ; C.(mona) wolfi ; Diets ; Fruit availability ; Gabon ; Zaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract C. pogonias and C. wolfi plant diets were studied in two sites, in Gabon and Zaire and compared with fruit availabilities. Monkeys in Gabon were found to be mainly fruit pulp-eaters while monkeys in Zaire were alternately seed-eaters, aril-eaters or leaf-eaters. These differences were related to differences in the availability of fruit categories: fleshy fruits were found to be much more abundant in Gabon than in Zaire forests. As a result, monkeys in Gabon were found to be mainly seed-dispersers while monkeys in Zaire were found, to a large extent, to be seed-predators. Results are discussed in terms of phenotypic flexibility in monkey feeding behavior, diversity of plant-monkey interactions, geographic variability of keystone plant resources, and their implications for forest management practices. The low availability of fleshy fruit species in Zaire is hypothezized to result from the poor soil conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00052226
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Better to Live with Allogenerics Than to Live Alone? The Case of Single Male Cercopithecus pogonias in Troops of Colobus satanas (1997)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 18 (1997), S. 967-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Colobus satanas ; Cercopithecus pogonias ; solitary males ; intergeneric association ; social benefits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the integration of single male crowned guenons (Cercopithecus pogonias) into troops of black colobus (Colobus satanas). We observed one male Cercopithecus pogonias in three troops of Colobus satanas on 30% of observation days (n = 231). Activities of single males guenons did not differ significantly from those of the colobus with which they associated. Moreover, both species performed simultaneously the same activities more often than expected by chance. Interspecific grooming occurred on several occasions. Furthermore, single male guenons spent as much in time social activities when part of a colobus troop, as they typically do when part of a conspecific group. Unlike solitary male crowned guenons, which are silent, a male that is integrated into a troop of colobus is vocal and emits social alarm calls to which colobus monkeys respond. During the single file movements of colobus troops, single male crowned guenons were integrated in the core of the troop and used the same branches at the same height with the colobus. Thus, the life of a single male crowned guenon with black colobus was social. We suggest that the main benefits that he gained is the possibility to live in a social context. Social interactions could be the key element to explain why single males Cercopithecus pogonias join troops of monkeys so different from their natal groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026348230669
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seminomadic Ranging in a Population of Black Colobus (Colobus satanas) in Gabon and its Ecological Correlates (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 20 (1999), S. 491-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: Colobus satanas ; ranging behavior ; carrying capacity ; Caesalpiniaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We observed ranging patterns in a black colobus population in the Forêt des Abeilles, Central Gabon. We compared the results with those for two other populations (Lopé Reserve in Central Gabon, Douala-Edéa in coastal Cameroun) in order to estimate the extent of specific variability in population structure and ranging behavior and to identify ecological factors influencing interpopulation differences. The mean number of monkeys in a group is 17, and all groups had a multimale structure. Home ranges were large, and the fact that they continued to increase with increasing number of observations indicated that the monkeys did not frequently resample their habitat. Ranging patterns varied according to the staple food consumed: distances travelled daily increased with increasing seed intake and decreased with increasing leaf intake. The ranging patterns of groups of Colobus satanas are seminomadic. Up to 6 or 7 groups shared the same space, and two group ranges could overlap by as much as 65–75%. Comparisons with the two populations previously studied showed that group size and group structure are broadly similar. At all three sites, black colobus were mainly seed eaters and ate large amounts of leaves in the season of fruit shortage. In the Forêt des Abeilles, however, group home ranges were much larger than at other sites, and this population had the lowest density. This is correlated with vegetation composition and with harshness of the main dry season. This colobus population appears limited by both recurring food shortage in the dry season and episodic periods of seed shortage resulting from irregular fruiting of the dominant family Caesalpiniaceae. Their seminomadic ranging would constitute the least costly strategy to cope with the low carrying capacity of their habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020334605892
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  • 8
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    The conservation significance of the proposed Mbaéré-Bodingué national park, Central African Republic, with special emphasis on its primate community (2005)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0960-3115
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9710
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Vertebrates in complex tropical systems (1990)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0169-5347
    Electronic ISSN: 1872-8383
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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  • 10
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    Ancient co-speciation of simian foamy viruses and primates (2005)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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