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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 6381-6391 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture behaviour of two toughened epoxy composite systems was investigated using various microscopy techniques. The Mode I delamination fracture toughness,G IC, Mode II delamination fracture toughness;G IIC, and compression after impact (CAI) strength of these model composite systems were also measured. Under Mode I fracture, it was found that these composites exhibit nearly identical toughening mechanisms to those of the rubber-modified neat resins. The composites differ primarily in having smaller damage zones than the neat resin equivalents. Under Mode II fracture, the typical hackles were found to initiate from inside the resin-rich interlaminar region due to the presence of the toughener particles. The CAI strength, based on the present study as well as the work conducted by others, appeared to be related to, but not necessarily strongly dependent on, the interlaminarG IC andG IIC, the thickness of the interlaminar resin-rich region, and the type of the interlaminar toughener particles. Approaches for improving theG IC,G IIC, and CAI strength of high-performance toughened composites are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1993), S. 1463-1466 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Rubber modification ; low crosslink density highT g epoxy ; toughening mechanisms ; double-notch four-point-bend ; fatigue fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The fracture behavior of a core-shell rubber (CSR) modified cross-linkable epoxy thermoplastic (CET) system, which exhibits high rigidity, highT g, and low crosslink density characteristics, is examined. The toughening mechanisms in this modified CET system are found to be cavitation of the CSR particles, followed by formation of extended shear banding around the advancing crack. With an addition of only 5 wt.% CSR, the modified CET possesses a greater than five-fold increase in fracture toughness (G IC) as well as greatly improved fatigue crack propagation resistance properties, with respect to those of the neat resin equivalents. The fracture mechanisms observed under static loading and under fatigue cyclic loading are compared and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 2003-2017 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: epoxy ; thermosets ; craze-like damage ; dilatation band ; fracture mechanisms ; toughening ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Formation of dilatation bands has been found in a series of moderately crosslinked thermosets with molecular weights between crosslinks, Mc, ranging from 560 to 1000 g/mole. These dilatation bands, although they do not show distinct craze fibrils inside the band, do behave mechanically like the well-known crazing phenomenon observed in polystyrene. Although the cause for the formation of dilatation bands is still largely unknown, the occurrence of the craze-like fracture phenomenon (dilatation bands) is found to be strongly influenced by the stress state the matrix experiences, by the type of loading applied to the specimen, and by the type/size of toughener particles incorporated in the matrix. The tendency for dilatation band formation in engineering thermosets can be greatly enhanced by the use of craze-prone toughener particles, such as nylon particles. The toughening effect via these newly observed dilatation bands is found to be quite impressive, and in some cases, can approach that via the shear-banding process. The potential significance of the present finding for a better design of toughened thermosets for structural applications is discussed. ©1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 595-608 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: craze-like damage ; toughening mechanisms ; core-shell rubber ; epoxy ; double-notch four-point-bend technique ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The fracture behavior of a core-shell rubber (CSR) modified epoxy is investigated using both fracture mechanics and microscopy tools. The CSR-modified epoxy is found to be toughened via numerous line-array cavitations of the CSR particles, followed by plastic flow of the epoxy matrix. The toughening effect via the above craze-like damage process is found to be as effective as that of the well-known widespread rubber cavitation/matrix shear yielding mechanisms. The conditions for triggering the craze-like damage appear to be both stress state and rubber concentration dependent. The type of rubber tougheners utilized also plays a critical role in triggering this rather unusual craze-like damage in epoxy systems. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 29 (1991), S. 1623-1631 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyacrlate rubber-modified polymers, staining technique for study of toughening mechanism in ; toughening mechanisms in polyacrylate-rubber polymers, staining technique for study of ; staining with osmium tetraoxide as investigative technique in rubber-modified polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel technique which utilizes a two-stage staining approach, (i.e., styrene absorption followed by osmium tetraoxide staining) is introduced for staining saturated polyacrylate rubbers. This novel staining approach, which stains and hardens polyacrylate rubber, is found to be useful for room temperature microtomy of polyacrylate rubber-modified polymers. Therefore, both the morphology and the crack tip toughening mechanisms of polyacrylate rubber-modified systems can be studied. Details concerning staining time, staining media, and use of solvents are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 15 (1994), S. 165-173 
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The usefulness of the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique in probing the morphology and toughening mechanisms of high performance composite systems is demonstrated. TEM provides an effective study of both the morphology and fracture behavior of graphite fiber reinforced epoxy and for cyanate composite systems. The failure process in these composites can be under stood. The TEM technique introduced here is found to be valuable for both fundamental and developmental research in improving both physical and mechanical properties of high performance composites. The present work focuses on demonstrating how a composite can be successfully prepared for TEM investigations. Experimental procedures concerning identification and isolation of the crack tip damage zoen, followed by cutting, trimming, staining, and thin section of the composite sample are detailed.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1993-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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