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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The optimization, evaluation, and demonstration of a solar cell metallization system is discussed. Screen printing, air firing, reducted atmospheres, and conductive air coating were studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the 24th Project Integration Meeting; p 421-431
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A unique scanning electron accessory has been developed that allows the observation of specimens under partial pressures of any gas. The sample is placed in a metal support boat inside a special sample holder. The sample in the boat is imaged on a CRT and is simultaneously recorded on a videotape, allowing the reaction between the sample and the gas to be observed in real time. Sample changes can be seen continuously as the sample is being heated or cooled. This process allows the observation of material transformations such as phase changes as they happen. Temperatures as high as 1000 C have been used and are continuously monitored using a thermocouple with a digital display on the CRT and videotape. X-ray analyses can also be run before and after any reactions. In the study described here, thick-film screen-printing inks using molybdenum/tin compositions as a replacement for silver were developed to be used on terrestrial photovoltaic cells. Pieces were placed on the sample stage and heated in both O2 and H2 atmospheres. The results were used to determine the most effective frits to be used in the thick-film inks.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The objective of the structural deflection test was to verify the analytical models used to predict solar cell stress, load-bearing layer stress, and module deflection that result from a uniform pressure load on the module surface. The verification process consisted of measuring module deflection, stress in the solar cell, and stress in the load-bearing member as a functon of normal pressure load, pottant modulus of elasticity, pottant thickness, and cell location. Four glass superstrate modules, two plain wood substrate modules, two ribbed wood substrate modules, and a steel substrate module were tested. Consistent with analysis predictions, all unribbed specimens exhibited nonlinear load vs. deflection characteristics. With the exception of the steel module, test results and analysis predictions for panel deflectons agreed to within 10 percent. A wider variation of agreement was found for stress in the load-bearing members and cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A major design requirement for photovoltaic modules is that the encapsulation system be capable of withstanding large DC potentials without electrical breakdown. Presented is a simple analytical model which can be used to estimate material thickness to meet this requirement for a candidate encapsulation system or to predict the breakdown voltage of an existing module design. A series of electrical tests to verify the model are described in detail. The results of these verification tests confirmed the utility of the analytical model for preliminary design of photovoltaic modules.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A finite element method for evaluating the electrical isolation characteristics of photovoltaic modules was developed; its accuracy was verified by comparison with an exact solution for a geometry similar to that of solar cells. Tests on a square test coupon, employed in electrical isolation tests, and a group of disc-shaped solar cells illustrated the finite element method's usefulness in evaluating module encapsulation designs. Finite element models had to avoid adjacent large and small elements and elements with large aspect ratios, and the NASTRAN output had to be curve fitted to calculate the maximum field. Geometric limits were indicated: cells with very sharp edges, and cells much thinner or thicker than the dielectric pottant layer.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cells (ISSN 0379-6787); 11; 309-330
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  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of efforts to produce a nonsilver metallization system for silicon photovoltaic cells are given. The system uses a metallization system based on molybdenum, tin, and titanium hydride. The initial work in this system was done using the MIDFILM process. The MIDFILM process attains a line resolution comparable to photoresist methods with a process related to screen printing. The surface to be processed is first coated with a thin layer of photopolymer material. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light through a suitable mask, the polymer in the non-pattern area crosslinks and becomes hard. The unexposed pattern areas remain tacky. The conductor material is then applied in the form of a dry mixture of metal which adheres to the tacky pattern area. The assemblage is then fired to ash the photopolymer and sinter the conductor powder.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Flat-Plate Solar Array Res. Forum on Photovoltaic Metallization Systems; p 215-240
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pastes are evaluated that contain additives to aid in the silicon to metallization contact. None are completely successful. Pastes are evaluated using a heated stage scanning electron microscope (SEM). This equipment shows promise for future evaluations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-173943 , JPL-9950-941 , DOE/JPL-956205-84/7 , NAS 1.26:173943 , DRL-175 , REPT-6329-24
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The optimization, evaluation, and demonstration of a novel metallization applied by a screen printing process is examined. Based on previous results of High Resolution, Low Cost Solar Cell Contact Development, a paste consisting of molybdenum, tin, and titanium hydride was selected as the promising composition. No satisfactory cells were made using any of the molybdenum/tin pastes used as a complete replacement for conventional silver pastes. The major problem is the inability to form a bond between the pastes and silicon that withstands soldering.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-176136 , NAS 1.26:176136 , DOE/JPL-956205-85/9 , REPT-6329-29
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: New pastes were evaluated that contained additives to aid in the silicon-to-metallization contact. None were completely successful. A reevaluation of the molybdenum oxide paste and the two-step screen printing process was done. The oxide paste did not show promise. The two-step process enabled soldering of the cells but the cells still had a high series resistance. Pastes are on order from a different manufacturer.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-173959 , JPL-6329-27 , NAS 1.26:173959
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: Investigations into transparent conductive polymers were begun. Polypyrrole was electrochemically deposited, but the film characteristics were poor. A proprietary polymer material supplied by Polaroid was evaluated and showed promise as a readily processable material. A method was developed for calculating the magnitude and location of the maximum electric field for the family of solar-cell-like shapes. A method for calculating the lines of force for three dimensional electric fields was developed and applied to a geometry of interest to the photovoltaic program.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-173941 , DOE/JPL-955567-84/14 , JPL-9950-939 , NAS 1.26:173941 , DRL-126
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