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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 7595-7599 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electrochemical conditions for the direct electroplating of Ni–Fe Permalloy (19% Fe, 81% Ni) thin films onto Si(111) surfaces were determined. The film composition, structure, and magnetic properties were examined by various techniques involving Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiles analysis, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements. The Permalloy films consisted of 10–50-nm-diam Ni/Fe nanocrystallites. It was found that the coercivity decreased with increased film thickness. Moderate annealing of the films below 200 °C released stress in the films and led to a decrease in coercivity. Interfacial diffusion occurred after the annealing of films above 300 °C. The Ni–Fe films exhibited bulk properties after the completion of electrodeposition of a buffer layer of thickness 〉20 nm; below this thickness, the films were discontinuous and consisted of separated clusters or islands on the Si surface. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 5795-5799 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Electrodeposited magnetic Ni-Fe films are used in storage devices and are applicable as magnetic sensors. In this work, we demonstrate the electrochemical conditions for deposition of permalloy Ni-Fe nanocrystalline films onto InP(100) surfaces. The prepared Ni-Fe films were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to determine surface morphology and by Auger electron spectroscopy for compositional depth profiling. Permalloy films with bulk composition of 81% Ni and 18% Fe were obtained by electrodeposition at −1.2 V (versus standard calomel electrode) in a bath of 0.5 M NiSO4, 0.02 M FeSO4, 0.4 M H3BO3, pH=3. Transmission electron microscopy measurements show that these films consist of fcc Ni-Fe nanocrystallites embedded in an amorphous matrix. The films also show good magnetic hysteresis loops, with low coercivity. The magnetic properties of these films are improved by an extended anneal at 100 °C. Interdiffusion occurred between Ni-Fe and the InP substrate after the sample was heated to 300 °C, and consequently a loss of ferromagnetic behavior was observed. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6941-6943 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The superconducting transition temperature Tc and its pressure dependence dTc/dP of HgBa2CaCu2O6+δ (Hg-1212) and HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ (Hg-1223) were measured up to 17 kbar. Tc increases with pressure approximately linearly for both compounds before oxidation. However, the nonlinearity in the Tc-P correlation shows up after oxidation in both compounds. For Hg-1212, the average dTc/dP decreases as oxygen doping increases, while it increases in Hg-1223. These observations are in conflict with the modified pressure-induced charge-transfer model, but might be attributed to the possible existence of fine electronic structure. These observations suggest that a Tc much higher than 140 K might be achievable in Hg-1223 by means of higher physical or chemical pressure.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 91 (2002), S. 2045-2050 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the effective nonlinear optical properties is investigated in random metal/dielectric composites with a shape distribution of particles through the spectral representation. We adopt the Maxwell–Garnett model with a uniform shape distribution and obtain an analytical expression for the spectral density function. Numerical results show that the optical nonlinearity enhancement decreases with the increase of temperature, accompanied by a slight blueshift of the resonant peak. Such a temperature dependence results from the following changes: the conduction electron scattering frequency (due to electron–electron and electron–phonon interaction) and the plasmon frequency (due to the expansion of metal) with the temperature. We find that the former change plays a more important role in understanding the temperature-dependent optical nonlinearity. Moreover, exact results in the dilute limit show a larger magnitude and a more rapid decrease of the optical nonlinearity with temperature, in comparison with the predictions of the mean field approximation. Our results indicate that by decreasing the temperature, it is possible to achieve a large optical nonlinearity. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 1893-1899 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical nonlinearity has been investigated in granular metal/dielectric composites taking the effects of highly conducting interfaces between the constituent phases as well as the distribution of particle sizes into account. We compute analytically the spectral function for composites with a binary distribution of particle sizes. For a log-normal distribution of width σ, numerical results show that the spectral density m(s) changes from a delta function for zero width to a prominent peak, accompanied by a broad spectrum for a finite width σ. As a result, the locations of the nonlinearity enhancement peak and the absorption spectrum shift to small frequencies with the increase of the interfacial factor I. The strength of the absorption and the optical nonlinearity are always decreased near resonance with the increase of σ, while the absorption peak and optical nonlinearity peak shift to smaller volume fraction f as I is increased. Moreover, the variation of I will further increase the optical absorption (optical nonlinearity) by more than one (three) order of magnitude, depending on the volume fractions. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: At the present time, there is a large amount of convergent experimental evidence pointing toward the existence of a vortex-glass state in the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−δ in the presence of a high magnetic field, as predicted by Fisher1 and Fisher et al.2 However, the situation at low magnetic field is not so clear. The nature of the vortex state separating the Meissener state at low field and the vortex-glass state at very high field remains unsolved both theoretically and experimentally. To shed some light to this problem, we have measured the remnant magnetic moment relaxation of melt-textured bulk YBa2Cu3O7−δ samples in various magnetic fields from ∼10−4 to ∼300 s. Even at zero field, the time dependence of the relaxation follows the vortex-glass model prediction m(t)∝1/[ln(t)]1/μ but with a μ=1.4±0.2, contradicting the vortex-glass model. As the field is increased, the μ value decreases until it reaches a value of ∼0.2–0.3 above 1 T. The larger than one value of μ seems to point to a collective pinning behavior at low magnetic field.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1520-5002
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 2948-2950 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated photoinduced infrared absorption in p-doped Si/SiGe quantum wells. The absorption spectra exhibit two distinct features: free-carrier absorption and intersubband absorption in the valence band. The photoinduced absorption in both p and s polarizations is found to depend on the carrier density and strongly differs from the original absorption of the doped quantum wells. Photoinduced intersubband absorption is attributed to carriers away from the Brillouin zone center. We show that photoinduced intersubband absorption spectroscopy can provide useful information on valence band mixing effects in Si/SiGe quantum wells. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 92-94 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using our recently developed pulsed critical current density (Jc) measuring system, the Jc of the high Jc melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7−δ (Y123) bulk samples has been determined. I-V curves with a voltage resolution of 0.5 μV were obtained, and transport Jc's along the a-b plane (Jc(parallel) a-b) as high as 7.2×1 04 A/cm2 were extracted. These results are comparable to the values obtained magnetically. On the other hand, transport Jc along the c axis (Jc(parallel)c) were found to be two orders of magnitude smaller, even though the magnetic Jc(parallel)c is only about five times smaller than Jc(parallel)a-b. We suggest that for the high-temperature superconducting materials which are highly anisotropic, caution should be taken when using the nontransport magnetic methods to determine Jc.
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