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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Thermodynamics in Earth and Planetary Sciences (2020)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Geochemistry. ; Mineralogy. ; Solar system. ; Electrochemistry. ; Geochemistry. ; Mineralogy. ; Space Physics. ; Electrochemistry.
    Description / Table of Contents: First and Second Laws -- Thermodynamic Potentials and Derivative Properties -- Third Law and Thermochemistry -- Critical Phenomenon and Equations of States -- Phase Transitions, Melting and Reactions of Stoichiometric Phases -- Thermal Pressure, Earth’s Interior and Adiabatic Processes -- Thermodynamics of Solutions -- Thermodynamic Solution Models: Non-electrolytes -- Equilibria Involving Solutions and Gaseous Mixtures -- Element Fractionation in Geological Systems -- Electrolyte Solutions and Electrochemistry -- Surface Effects.
    Abstract: This book presents the fundamental principles of Classical thermodynamics, supplemented by an overview of Statistical Thermodynamics, and explores their applications to a wide variety of problems in the Earth and Planetary sciences, spanning the range from the Earth’s core, mantle and crust, aqueous solutions and fluid-rock interactions to solar nebula, terrestrial planets and asteroids. The topics covered include the laws of classical thermodynamics, microscopic foundations of thermodynamic properties, critical phenomena and near-critical processes, equations of state, phase transitions and phase equilibria, the Earth’s interior and adiabatic processes, terrestrial magma ocean, thermodynamics of solutions, element and stable isotope fractionations, electrolyte solutions and electrochemistry, osmotic processes, surface effects, entropy production and kinetic implications, thermodynamics of chemical diffusion, estimation of thermochemical properties, and mathematical methods of classical thermodynamics. There is also a wealth of solved problems relating to both fundamental concepts and applications to natural processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XXXIII, 610 p. 262 illus., 21 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 2nd ed. 2020.
    ISBN: 9783030208790
    Series Statement: Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20879-0
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20879-0
    DDC: 551.9
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Mixtures and mineral reactions (1987)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: 10/G 9045
    In: Minerals and rocks
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 291 S. : graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 3540176675
    Series Statement: Minerals and rocks 19
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Diffusion, atomic ordering, and mass transport : selected topics in geochemistry (1991)
    New York [u.a.] : Springer
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: M 94.0417
    In: Advanced in physical geochemistry
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xiv, 567 S.
    ISBN: 0387972870
    Series Statement: Advanced in physical geochemistry vol. 8
    Classification:
    Geochemistry
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental determination of cation diffusivities in aluminosilicate garnets (1985)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 90 (1985), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Data from experimentally-induced diffusion profiles at approximately 40 Kbar, 1,300–1,500° C in spessartine-almandine couples and a pyrope-almandine couple at ∼ 40 Kbar, 1,440° C, described in Part I, were used to derive tracer diffusion coefficients (D *) of Fe, Mn and Mg in garnet. The experimental data were fitted by numerical simulations that model multicomponent, compositionally-dependent difussion, including the effects of nonideal thermodynamic mixing. The simulations use the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics and an eigenvector technique of solution. We were able to fit the asymmetrical spessartine-almandine profiles using constant D * and either the Darken/Hartley-Crank or Manning-Lasaga models relating D * and interdiffusion coefficients, and both models yielded D Mg * consistent with the direct measurement of D Mg * in by Cygan and Lasaga (1985) at lower temperatures (750–900° C). The results (equations 4.1–4.3 and Table 1) indicate that D Fe * ≅D Mg * 〈D Mn * and Q Fe≅Q Mg〉Q Mn, where Q is the activation energy. In contrast, the asymmetry of pyrope-almandine profiles is too great to fit with either tracer model assuming constant D * and indicates that D Mg * is similar to its value in spessartine-almandine couples but D Fe * is an order of magnitude less. The fit also suggests that D Ca * 〈 D Fe * 〈D Mg * in pyrope-almandine couples. Synthesis of data from the two types of diffusion couples suggests that D Mg * is insensitive to compositional changes, whereas D Fe * is affected by Mn/Mg and Fe/Mg ratios and probably by other factors. These compositional effects on tracer coefficients are compatible with those documented by Morioka (1983) for cation diffusion in olivine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373040
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental determination of cation diffusivities in aluminosilicate garnets: reply to the discussion by Freer of Part I, and correction of Mn tracer diffusion data in Part II (1987)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 97 (1987), S. 537-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375333
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reply to Hoschek's criticisms of Ganguly (1968), and Ganguly and Newton (1968) in his article “The stability of staurolite and Chloritoid and their significance in metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks” (1971)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 31 (1971), S. 166-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00373461
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The energetics of natural garnet solid solution (1974)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 48 (1974), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Approximate mixing properties of the end-member components of the quarternary garnet solid solution, (Fe,Mg,Ca,Mn)3Al2Si3O12, have been derived through theoretical analysis of observational data, combined with certain experimental results and crystal chemical considerations. The results suggest that the mixing of pyrope with grossularite, spessartite, and almandine would involve significant positive excess free energies of mixing leading to the critical mixing temperatures of 694±55, 535±140, and 479±63 °C respectively. Spessartite would mix with almandine nearly ideally, and with grossularite with small positive deviation from ideality. The quarternary solution reduces essentially to a ternary mixture of pyrope, grossularite, and almandine + spessartite. The solid solubility relation, and tie line coordinates in this ternary system has been calculated as a function of temperature; the solid solution is found to be intrinsically stable for practically all ternary compositions at 600 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418615
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cation diffusion in aluminosilicate garnets: experimental determination in spessartine-almandine diffusion couples, evaluation of effective binary diffusion coefficients, and applications (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 111 (1992), S. 74-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present new experimental data on diffusion of divalent cations in almandine-spessartine diffusion couples in graphite capsules in the P-T range of 14–35 kb, 1100–1200° C. The tracer diffusion coefficients of the major divalent cations, viz. Fe, Mg and Mn, retrieved from the multicomponent diffusion profiles, have been combined with earlier data from our laboratory at 29–43 kb, 1300–1480° C (Loomis et al. 1985) to derive expressions of the P-T dependence of the diffusion coefficients at fO2 approximately corresponding to that defined by equilibrium in the system graphite-O2. We review the conditions, discussed earlier by Cooper, under which the flux of a component in a multicomponent system becomes proportional to its concentration gradient (Fickian diffusion), as if the entire solvent matrix behaves as a single component, and also suggest a method of incorporating the thermodynamic effect on diffusion in the same spirit. Regardless of the magnitude or sign of the off-diagonal terms of the D matrix, it is always possible to define an effective binary diffusion coefficient (EBDC) of a component in a semi-infinite multicomponent diffusion-couple experiment such that it has the property of the Fickian diffusion coefficient, provided that there is no inflection on the diffusion profiles. It is shown that the success of Elphick et al. in fitting the experimental diffusion profiles of all components over a limited concentration range by a single diffusion coefficient is due to fortuitous similarity of the EBDCs of the components (Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca) in their diffusion couple experiments. In common metapelitic garnets showing compositional zoning, the EBDCs of the divalent cations do not differ from each other by more than a factor of 2.5. However, the EBDC of a component changes from core to rim by a factor of 3 to 12, depending on the composition. We suggest a method of volume averaging of the EBDC which should prove useful in approximate calculations of diffusion flux during relaxation of compositional zoning. The EBDC of Mn is found to reduce essentially to D MnMn, the main diagonal term of the D matrix, and consequently can be calculated quite easily. Evaluation of EBDC of Fe, Mg and Mn in garnets from a prograde Barrovian sequence did not reveal any significant dependence on the extent of relaxation of garnet. The diffusion data have been applied to calculate the cooling rate of natural biotite-garnet diffusion couple from eastern Finland and diffusional modification of growth zoning in garnet in early Proterozoic Wopmay orogen, Canada. The results are in good agreement with geochronological and other independent constraints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296579
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cation diffusion in aluminosilicate garnets: experimental determination in pyrope-almandine diffusion couples (1998)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 131 (1998), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion couples made from homogeneous gem quality natural pyrope and almandine garnets were annealed within graphite capsules under anhydrous conditions at 22–40 kbar, 1057–1400 °C in a piston-cylinder apparatus. The concentration profiles that developed in each couple were modeled to retrieve the self diffusion coefficients [D(I)] of the divalent cations Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca. Because of their usually low concentrations and lack of sufficient compositional change across the interface of the diffusion couples, only a few reliable data can be obtained for D(Ca) and D(Mn) from these experiments. However, nine sets of D(Fe) and D(Mg) data were retrieved in the above P-T range, and cast in the form of Arrhenian relation, D=D 0exp{−[Q(1 bar)+PΔV +]/RT}. The values of the activation energy (Q) and activation volume (ΔV +) depend on whether f O2 is constrained by graphite in the system C-O or held constant. For the first case, we have for Fe:Q(1 bar)=65,532±10,111 cal/mol, D 0=3.50 (±2.30)×10−5 cm2/s, ΔV +=5.6(±2.9) cm3/mol, and for Mg:Q(1 bar)=60,760±8,257 cal/mol, D 0=4.66 (±2.48)×10−5 cm2/s, ΔV +=5.3(±3.0) cm3/mol. Here the ΔV + values have been taken from Chakraborty and Ganguly (1992). For the condition of constant f O2, the Q values are ∼9 kcal lower and ΔV + values are ∼4.9 cm3/mol larger than the above values. Lower temperature extrapolation of the Arrhenian relation for D(Mg) is in good agreement with the Mg tracer diffusion data (D * Mg) of Chakraborty and Rubie (1996) and Cygan and Lasaga (1985) at 1 bar, 750–900 °C, when all data are normalized to the same pressure and to f O2 defined by graphite in the system C-O. The D * Mg data of Schwandt et al. (1995), on the other hand, are lower by more than an order of magnitude than the low temperature extrapolation of the present data, when all data are normalized to the same pressure and to f O2 defined by the graphite buffer. Comparison of the D(Fe), D(Mg) and D(Mn) data in the pyrope-almandine diffusion couple with those in the spessartine-almandine diffusion couple of Chakraborty and Ganguly (1992) shows that the self diffusion of Fe and Mn are significantly enhanced with the increase in Mn/Mg ratio; the enhancement effect on D(Mg) is, however, relatively small. Proper application of the self diffusion data to calculate interdiffusion coefficient or D matrix elements for the purpose of modeling of diffusion processes in natural garnets must take into account these compositional effects on D(I) along with the effects of thermodynamic nonideality, f O2, and pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050386
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminous orthopyroxene: Order-disorder, thermodynamic properties, and petrologic implications (1979)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 69 (1979), S. 375-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Orthopyroxene has two tetrahedral sites, designated A and B, and two octahedral sites, M1 and M2. Crystallographic studies of synthetic and natural orthopyroxenes (opx) suggest that the tetrahedral Al is ordered nearly completely in the B site, but the octahedral Al disorders between M1 and M2 sites with a preference for M1. If the ‘aluminum avoidance’ principle is obeyed, then the tetrahedral Si-Al ordering limits the Al substitution in opx to 25 mol%, thus leading to an end-member stoichiometry of Mg3Al2Si3O12 instead of MgAl2SiO6. The enthalpy of formation of these two components has been deduced from the available phase equilibrium data. The thermodynamic properties of the opx solid solution approximates ideal solution behavior more closely when treated in terms of the components Mg4Si4O12(QEn)-Mg3Al2Si3O12(Py) than when expressed in terms of the components Mg2Si2O6-MgAl2SiO6. A model has been developed for the octahedral disordering of Al as function of temperature and composition. These data enable calculation of the configurational entropy and molar entropy of Al-opx; distinction has been made between the cases of completely random mixing of Al and Si in the tetrahedral B site, and of random mixing without violation of the ‘aluminum avoidance’ principle. The second model yields entropy of the Mg3Al2Si3O12 end member which agrees almost exactly with the value derived from phase equilibrium data. The partial molal entropies of the Orthopyroxene components ‘QEn’ and ‘Py’ can be derived from these data; their implications with respect to the P-T slopes of Al2O3 isopleths for the equilibrium of Orthopyroxene with forsterite and spinel/garnet have been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372263
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