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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Diapause ; estivation ; cycle biologique ; univoltinisme ; embryogénèse ; relation plante-insecte ; Noctuidae ; Typhaceae ; Diapause ; aestivation ; overwintering ; biological cycle ; univoltinism ; embryogenesis ; insect plant relationship ; Noctuidae ; Typhaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Egg incubation of A. sparganii Esper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) requires 8 to 9 months under natural conditions extending from the early summer to the early spring of the next year. The egg development is interrupted by an obligatory diapause at an early stage of embryogenesis. The whole of the egg's incubation can be concluded at a constant temperature within the range 8 °C–21 °C. The intensity of diapause has been found to be directly correlated with rising temperatures from 11 °C to 21 °C, applied for 15 days immediately after egg laying. None of the experimental temperature regimes tested prevented the occurrence of diapause, the incubation period could however be reduced to a quarter of its natural duration thus allowing larvae to hatch before winter. These results afford a better understanding of the life cycle modifications observed throughout
    Notes: Résumé L'incubation des oeufs d'Archanara sparganii, Esper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) s'étend sur 8 à 9 mois dans les conditions naturelles. Elle est temporairement interrompue par une diapause qui intervient à un stade précoce de l'embryogénèse et se prolonge de l'été à la fin de l'hiver. Au laboratoire, l'incubation est néanmoins possible à température constante entre 8 et 21 °C. Une étude expérimentale a montré que l'intensité de la diapause s'accroît lorsque la température en début d'incubation est portée pendant 15 jours de 11 °C à 15 °C et 21 °C. Aucun des modèles expérimentaux faisant intervenir la température n'a permis d'éviter totalement la diapause. La durée de celle-ci a néanmoins été réduite des trois quarts dans certaines circonstances, rendant possible l'éclosion des larves avant l'hiver. Ces résultats servent à interpréter les altérations du cycle biologique du nord au sud de la distribution d'A. sparganii. La perte rapide de réceptivité de Typha spp. à l'égard des larves jeunes justifie par ailleurs une entrée en diapause précoce de l'espèce sous climat méditerranéen.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Parasitoids ; host parasite relationships ; parasite biology ; life cycle ; Tachinidae ; Lydella thompsoni ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Sesamia nonagrioides ; Archanara spp. ; Corn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Lydella thompsoni Herting est un endoparasitoïde habituel des larves d'Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner,Sesamia nonagrioides Lefebvre etArchanara spp. Walker en France méridionale. L'élevage exige une humidité ambiante élevée et une intensité lumineuse supérieure à 8 000–10 000 lux pour l'accouplement. Les adultes sont alimentés par un protéolysat de caséine miellé. La survie atteint 30 jours à 21 °C. Le taux d'accouplement est de 50 %. La maturation des planidia demande 15 à 18 jours à 21°C. L'infestation des hôtes se réalise par dissection des femelles matures et dépôt de 1–2 planidia actives sur une larve de l'hôte. Taux d'infestation 50 %. Le développement larvaire est étudié sur 2 hôtes:O. nubilalis etS. nonagrioides ⦏ 21, 25 et 28°C. Le développement est significativement plus rapide sur le 1cr hôte aux 3 températures et pour les 2 sexes du parasite: à 25°C, surO. nubilalis 9,0±0,5 jours contre 10,5±0,3 jours surS. nonagrioides pour les femelles et, surO. nubilalis 8,3±0,5 jours contre 10,6±0,6 jours surS. nonagrioides pour les mâles. La durée de la pupaison est influencée dans le même sens par l'hôte larvaire. L'hibernation se fait au 2e stade larvaire. Ce dernier est achevé plus rapidement surS. nonagrioides, décembre-janvier, que surO. nubilalis, février-mars. Le cycle est étudié par piégeage des adultes de 1979 à 1983 et prélèvement des larves hôtes de 1976 à 1983. Les captures, pour les pièges à eau placés dans les parcelles de maïs, débutent en avril. Elles se poursuivent sporadiquement jusqu'en septembre, elles s'intensifient à ce moment puis cessent complètement le mois suivant. Dans les pièges proches de roselières mais éloignés des cultures, les prises sont limitées à la période printanière. Les larves de la lre génération se développent d'avril à juin dans les chenilles d'Archanara spp., noctuelle des roseaux. De 1976 à 1982, le taux moyen du parasitisme fut de 16 %. Le taux de parasitisme surS. nonagrioides est plus élevé en juin, 4–5 %, qu'en août ou septembre, 1 à 2 %. Pour la pyrale, ce taux varie peu pendant l'été (10–17 % en 1981, 6–10 % en 1982). La différence est significative entre les 2 espèces. En septembre, le parasitisme s'exerce sur une population 10 à 20 fois plus importante qu'au printemps: la population larvaire deL. thompsoni est passée de 300 à 400 larves/ha en juin à 4 000 à 5 000 larves/ha en septembre. La stabilité des relations entre le parasitoïde et ses hôtes en France du Sud-Est est discutée et comparée avec la précarité observée dans certains états des Etats-Unis où l'introduction de l'auxiliaire fut suivie de sa disparition à plus ou moins longue échéance.
    Notes: Abstract Lydella thompsoni Hertin,Tachinidae, is an endoparasitoid frequently associated in southern France with larvae ofOstrinia nubilalis, Pyralidae, Sesamia nonagrioides, Noctuidae, Archanara geminipuncta andA. dissoluta, Noctuidae. The tachinid was reared successfully at 21°C in the laboratory by providing the adult flies with a high humidity, a light intensity of 8,000–10,000 lux for mating and a mixture of casein proteolysate and honey as food. Under such conditions, the flies lived for about 30 days and about half of them mated successfully. Hosts were infested by dissecting mature tachinid females and placing 1–2 of the extracted planidia onto each moth larva. Half of the planidia successfully entered their larval hosts. The biology of the tachinid larvae was studied on the 2 main hosts,O. nubilalis andS. nonagrioides. At 21°C, 25°C and 28°C, larval development took less time onO. nubilalis than onS. nonagrioides. At 25°C, female larvae onO. nubilalis required 9.0±0.5 days and onS. nonagrioides 10.5±0.3 days, male larvae onO. nubilalis required 8.3±0.5 days and onS. nonagrioides 10.6±0.3 days. Pupal duration was also influenced by the larval host. In winter, 2nd instar larvae ofL. thompsoni enter a resting or quiescent condition. This condition is terminated sooner (December–January) in larvae developing onS. nonagrioides than in those developing onO. nubilalis (February–March). The life cycle of the tachinid in the field was studied by trapping flies in water dishes and by collecting parasitized host larvae from various plants. Flies were caught from April to October, mainly in September. Larvae of the spring generation of the parasitoid developed on larvae of species ofArchanara that fed on the reed,Phragmites communis. From 1976 to 1982, parasitism averaged about 16%. Parasitism by summer generation onS. nonagrioides was highest (4–5%) in June. Parasitism ofO. nubilalis did not change by more than 2 fold in either of the 2 summers studied (10–17 % in 1981, 6–10 % in 1982). By September the numbers of host larvae had increased to 10–20 times the number available earlier in the season. Larval populations ofL. thompsoni similarly increased from 3–400 larvae per ha in June to 4–5,000 per ha in September. The stability of the relationship between this parasitoid and its hosts in southeastern France is discussed and compared to relationship described elsewhere.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: France ; maïs ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; tachinidae ; parasitoïde ; répartition ; France ; corn ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; tachinidae ; parasitoid ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During 3 autumns, samples of European corn borer larvae from different regions of France, were studied to determine the rate of parasitism by Tachinid flies. This rate varies from 1% to 51% according to localities and years. Tachinidae are present in all the localities studied.Lydella thompsoni Hert. is the most abondant species and the most widely distributed.Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walk. is present in the west south part of France. Tachinid flies may play a key role in the control of European corn borer populations.
    Notes: Résumé Trois annés d'éhantillonnage automnal de pyrale du maïs dans différentes régions maïsicoles de France ont permis de déterminer le taux de parasitisme par les Tachinidae. Ce taux varie de 1% à 51% selon les régions et les années. Les tachinaires sont préents dans toutes les zones étudiées.Lydella thompsoni Hert. est l'espèce la plus abondante et la plus répandue.Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata Walk. se rencontre dans le Sud-Ouest. Les Tachinidae pourraient jouer un rôle important dans la régulation des populations de pyrale.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 6 (1961), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Larvae ofDiparopsis watersi roths, are parasitized in the Tchad Republic by an unspecifiedMermitidae and byCarcelia evolans wied. (Tachinidae). TheMermis is only active during the rainy season, when 40% ofD. watersi larvae are commonly parasitized. More than one individual are able to develop inside the same host, a maximum of 44 being quoted; yet, solitaryMermis are of a greater length, the biggest recorded being 325 mm long. C. evolans is found all along the active life ofD. watersi. There is usually only one dipterous larva in each host: Out of more than a hundred cases, only twice two and thrice threeTachinidae were encountered in the same host. Evolution of theseC. evolans larvae is uncertain, only one of them developping into an adult. Association ofMermis andC. evolans, though exceptional, was also observed. This was described eight times through a three years survey; again, only one of the dipterous larvae developped into adult. The most extraordinary case reported concerns threeC. evolans encountered together with two Nematoda in the same host. An explanation to the unusual multiparasitism observed may be sought in an exceptional abundance ofC. evolans, combined with a relative scarcity of the host during the month of september 1956.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Diatraea saccharalis is a pest of sugar cane crop and is susceptible to a virus disease of the densonucleosis type. The virus multiplies in the cell nuclei of different tissues, it contains DNA and measures 22 mμ. It may be included in theDensovirus genus of Parvoviruses.
    Notes: Résumé Ravageur important de la canne à sucre, le LépidoptèreDiatraea saccharalis F. est sensible à une virose de type densonucléose. Le virus se multiplie intensément dans les noyaux des cellules de différents tissues, comportant de l'ADN et mesurant 22 mμ, il peut être rangé parmi lesParvovirus et attribué au genreDensovirus.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 24 (1979), S. 119-130 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Apanteles chilonis is a Japanese endoparasitoid ofChilo suppressalis (Lep.: Pyralidae) An attempt has recently been made to introduce it into France to control the same pest in rice fields. The means of breeding the parasite in fairly large numbers is described. The parasite can develop in the field in summer, but in winter its life cycle is more likely to be affected by adverse conditions. The resistance of its 3 larval instars to temperatures ranging from 2 to 15°C. was tested in the laboratory. Mortality estimation for a gregarious endoparasitoid is discussed. Two different check lots ofC. suppressalis larvae were necessary, 1 of which was parasitized. Mortality was then calculated usingAbott's formula. The 2nd instar ofA. chilonis was the most resistant; its mortality after 30 days at 5°C being 44%, compared with 60% for the 1st instar and 77% for the 3rd. From 1975 to 1978, parasitized larvae ofC. suppressalis were wintered under near-natural conditions in an outdoor insectary. Periodic dissection of these larvae showed that the development ofA. chilonis progressed slowly from egg to the 2nd larval stage and faster after this. Although at low temperatures eggs were killed, 1st instar larvae were found during the coldest months, December to February. Second and 3 rd instars occurred from March to April and the adults from late April to late May. Mortality of the parasitized host was high, exceeding 80% and occurring late in winter or in early spring rather than in the coldest months. Only a few adultA. chilonis were formed; at best, 123 adults emerged from 120 hosts during spring 1978. Some of the host population emerges in spring, which should allow the parasite to breed on its progeny. However, rice cannot be sown until the end of April in southern France, because of the climate andC. suppressalis larvae have no suitable food available until June. Unless the adult parasites, therefore, can find the few scattered, still-diapausing, larvae of the host in which to oviposit, they will die without laying eggs. Synchronisation of the parasite attack with the development ofC. suppressalis is therefore doubtful. The possibility of the parasite adopting a transient host within the same environment asC. suppressalis has been investigated and is discussed. An other speciesChilo, C. phragmitellus,Hüb. occurs in reeds. Its larvae are appropriate hosts forA. chilonis and reach a suitable stage in spring. It has not yet been found to be parasitized byA. chilonis under natural conditions, though adultA. chilonis have been recovered from a reed community in the immediate vicinity of a rice field. Common species likeOstrinia nubilalis L., the European corn borer, orSesamia nonagrioïdes Lefb. (Noctuidae), are unsuitable hosts. It might be rewarding to test other strains ofA. chilonis from elsewhere in Japan.
    Notes: Résumé L'introduction d'Apanteles chilonis Mun. en France a été tentée pour lutter contreChilo suppressalis Wlk. La multiplication du parasitoïde est décrite. Des essais ont été menés au laboratoire sur la résistance des stades endoparasites aux températures basses (2, 5, 10 et 15°C). L'hibernation a été suivie entre 1975 et 1978 dans un insectarium extérieur. Le développement hivernal aboutit à l'achèvement de la vie endoparasite dès les mois de mars et avril. La mortalité est très forte à ce moment en raison de températures insuffisamment élevées pour la nymphose. La synchronisation des cycles du parasitoïde et de l'hôte étant aléatoire, des recherches ont été entreprises sur la présence d'hôtes intermédiaires dans le milieu naturel. NiSesamia nonagrioides niOstrinia nubilalis ne conviennent, par contre la bioécologie deChilo phragmitellus présente des éléments favorables.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of periodical introduction in Sugarcane fields of the Cuban fly,Lixophaga diatraeae, a Tachinid parasite ofDiatraea saccharalis has been tested in Guadeloupe, French West Indies, from 1960 to 1962. At the beginning of each month 500 or 1000 mature flies of both sexes bred in the laboratory were released in 3 to 4 has plots. At the end of the month, a hundred bored canes are examined and the number ofD. saccharalis egg masses and living larvae as well asL. diatraeae pupae are recorded. The number of Tachinid pupae recovered has been enhanced by a 500 flies release only when the parasite natural population is low, i. e. during the rainy season of the year. The host population is consequently reduced at the same period. However it seems possible that a 1000 flies release has somewhat affectedD. saccharalis development even in the dry season. These repeated liberations show apparently no cumulative effects: the quantitative gains observed at times in the parasite populations are completely lost in the following generation.
    Notes: Résumé Cette note étudie les conséquences d'une introduction régulièrement renouvelée deLixophaga diatraeae, Tachinaire parasite deDiatraea saccharalis sur les populations de cette Pyrale dans les parcelles de Canne à sucre en Guadeloupe. Des apports mensuels de 500 ou 1000 parasites adultes permettent d'accroître la population de l'auxiliaire lorsque celle-ci est naturellement basse (saison humide). Les populations larvaires de l'hôte déclinent simultanément. Les introductions n'accroissent pas de façon durable la population du parasite.
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