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  • 1
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    Human substantia nigra neurons encode unexpected financial rewards (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-03-17
    Description: The brain's sensitivity to unexpected outcomes plays a fundamental role in an organism's ability to adapt and learn new behaviors. Emerging research suggests that midbrain dopaminergic neurons encode these unexpected outcomes. We used microelectrode recordings during deep brain stimulation surgery to study neuronal activity in the human substantia nigra (SN) while patients with Parkinson's disease engaged in a probabilistic learning task motivated by virtual financial rewards. Based on a model of the participants' expected reward, we divided trial outcomes into expected and unexpected gains and losses. SN neurons exhibited significantly higher firing rates after unexpected gains than unexpected losses. No such differences were observed after expected gains and losses. This result provides critical support for the hypothesized role of the SN in human reinforcement learning.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839450/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2839450/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zaghloul, Kareem A -- Blanco, Justin A -- Weidemann, Christoph T -- McGill, Kathryn -- Jaggi, Jurg L -- Baltuch, Gordon H -- Kahana, Michael J -- MH062196/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH61975/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH062196/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P50 MH062196-090008/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061975/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH061975-08/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048598/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS048598-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Mar 13;323(5920):1496-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1167342.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. zaghlouk@uphs.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19286561" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; Dopamine/physiology ; Economics ; *Feedback, Psychological ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Microelectrodes ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parkinson Disease/physiopathology/therapy ; Probability ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Oscillatory patterns in temporal lobe reveal context reinstatement during memory search (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-07
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Oscillatory patterns in temporal lobe reveal context reinstatement during memory search [Psychological and Cognitive Sciences] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: Psychological theories of memory posit that when people recall a past event, they not only recover the features of the event itself, but also recover information associated with other events that occurred nearby in time. The events surrounding a target event, and the thoughts they evoke, may be considered to represent a context for the target event, helping to distinguish that event from similar events experienced at different times. The ability to reinstate this contextual information during memory search has been considered a hallmark of episodic, or event-based, memory. We sought to determine whether context reinstatement may be observed in electrical signals recorded from the human brain during episodic recall. Analyzing electrocorticographic recordings taken as 69 neurosurgical patients studied and recalled lists of words, we uncovered a neural signature of context reinstatement. Upon recalling a studied item, we found that the recorded patterns of brain activity were not only similar to the patterns observed when the item was studied, but were also similar to the patterns observed during study of neighboring list items, with similarity decreasing reliably with positional distance. The degree to which individual patients displayed this neural signature of context reinstatement was correlated with their tendency to recall neighboring list items successively. These effects were particularly strong in temporal lobe recordings. Our findings show that recalling a past event evokes a neural signature of the temporal context in which the event occurred, thus pointing to a neural basis for episodic memory.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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