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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and repeated use of a reversibly soluble-insoluble yeast lytic enzyme (1990)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 33 (1990), S. 629-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A yeast lytic enzyme was covalently immobilized on an enteric coating polymer, Eudragit S, that is reversibly soluble and insoluble (S-IS) depending on the pH of the reaction medium. The yeast lytic enzyme immobilized on Eudragit S (Y-E) showed a sharp response of solubility to slight changes in pH without decrease in enzymatic activity. The specific activity per amount of enzyme protein of Y-E for dry yeast cells was about two-thirds that of the native enzyme. In both lysis reactions of dry and pressed baker's yeast cells, changing the pH of the reaction medium from 7.0 to 4.8 at an appropriate interval allows the insoluble Y-E and the reaction products (soluble protein for dry yeast cells and invertase and soluble protein for pressed baker's yeast cells) to be repeatedly separated. The reaction method using a reversible S-IS enzyme is a promising procedure for repeated use of the enzyme in a heterogeneous reaction system containing yeast cells as a substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00604927
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch is modeled by the kinetic equations presented in this paper. At the early stage of the reaction α-amylase acts as a contributor of newly formed nonreducing ends of starch molecules to glucoamylase by splitting the original starch molecules. This is expressed by the simultaneous differential equations which consist of each rate equation for α-amylase and glucoamylase. After the molecular weight of the substrate decreases to the value of about 5000, which is obtained experimentally in this work, the action of α-amylase can be neglected and the rate of formation of glucose obeys only the rate equation for glucoamylase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270308
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergism of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of native starch granules (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 910-915 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320710
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of superoxide dismutase in Streptococcus lactis by a combination of use of hyperbaric oxygen and fermentation with cross-flow filtration (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39 (1992), S. 886-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Streptococcus lactis ; superoxide dismutase ; hyperbaric oxygen ; fed-batch fermentation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production conditions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cells of Streptococcus lactis by using hyperbaric oxygen (O2) are described. The SOD activity of anaerobically grown cells was 5-6 U/mg protein. When the culture broth was pressurized by O2 at 6 atm, the SOD activity was more than twice as high as that under anaerobic culture conditions. However, there is little or no significant increase in SOD activity by exogenous addition of catalase for detoxifying hydrogen peroxide accumulated in the broth and/or controlling the pH of the broth at 6.8 during the pressurization by O2. The increase in SOD activity by hyperbaric O2 was possible not only at the late-logarithmic growth phase but also at the initial time for the stationary growth phase. For improvement of SOD productivity, we tried a two-stage culture in which SOD activity in S. lactis cells was enhanced by pressurizing the culture broth using hyperbaric O2 after achievement of a high-concentration cultivation in the anerobic fermentation system with a microfiltration module.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260390811
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flow and oxygen transfer in a plunging water jet system using inclined short nozzles and performance characteristics of its system in aerobic treatment of wastewater (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 1845-1856 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the plunging water jet system using inclined short nozzles, the flow characteristics such as the bubble penetration depth and the gas entrainment rate, which changed depending on the jet velocity, the nozzle diameter, the jet length, and the jet angle were first evaluated in an air-water system. A comparable investigation between our results and those of existing studies used the long nozzles on those characteristics revealed that both the bubble penetration depth and the gas entrainment rate differed depending on the nozzle length; that is, the nozzle-length-to-diameter ratio LN/DN and that of these characteristics the gas entrainment rate affected considerably by its magnitude and tended to be high when the nozzle of a large LN/DN ratio was used. It was also confirmed from the oxygen transfer experiments that the transfer efficiency at low jet velocities in the present water jet system was not inferior to the ones of other types of existing aeration systems; that is, the utilization of this jet aeration system to a high rate reactor for wastewater treatment or fermentation was sufficiently possible. The applicability of the plunging jet aeration method to microbial processes was then examined. As a typical example of microbial processes to be tested, the continuous treatment of an organic wastewater using activated sludge microorganisms was carried out, and the performance and related problem when this type of aeration system was applied to such a microbial process were investigated. Experimental results showed that, when viewed from the removal ability of dissolved organic matters, the plunging jet aeration system was capable of treating a wastewater of considerable high loading without the rate of oxygen transfer becoming the biooxydation-rate-limiting factor. Special attention was necessary for the choice of the liquid pump to be employed, however, due to the increased amount of fine suspended solids in the treated water caused by the shearing action between sludge flocks and pump blades.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260281212
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergism of endoenzyme and exoenzyme on hydrolysis of soluble cellulose derivatives (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 878-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model that represents the reaction of hydrolysis of water-soluble cellulose derivatives by a mixed endo- and exoenzyme system is proposed with the following assumptions: at an early stage of the reaction, endoenzymes split the substrate molecule in order to supply the newly formed nonreducing ends to exoenzymes until the molecular weight of the substrates reaches a low value; after that point, the reaction kinetics obeys only the rate equation of the reaction of the exoenzymes in which the reaction parameters change linearly with decrease of the molecular weight of the substrates. Hydrolysis experiments of soluble cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose, were carried out with endo-and exoenzymes separated from Trichoderma Koningii cellulase. The critical molecular weight of the substrate, from that point the action of endoenzyme can be neglected, was determined from the experimental data. That was ca. 4000 D. With that value, the model fits well the experimental data. Synergism of both enzymes appears as enhancement of the rate of the reaction at the early stage of the reaction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280615
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of soluble sugar from cellulosic materials by repeated use of a reversibly soluble-autoprecipitating cellulase (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 39 (1992), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: cellulase, soluble-insoluble ; enzyme, soluble-insoluble ; rice straw hydrolysis ; hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A reversibly soluble-autoprecipitating cellulase was prepared by covalently immobilizing Meicelase on an enteric coating polymer (AS-L, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate). The immobilized enzyme (M-AS) was reversibly soluble-insoluble depending on the pH of the reaction medium. Moreover, the enzymatic activity of M-AS, in a soluble state, for microcrystalline cellulose was higher than that of the conventional solid immobilized enzyme. On the other hand, M-AS, in an insoluble state, and good properties of self-sedimentation, and a large portion of M-AS spontaneously precipitated for about 15 min at pH 3.8. In the repeated hydrolysis of rice straw, delignified with sodium hydroxide using a bioreactor with a conical bottom, M-AS was separated batchwise from a production solution by self-sedimentation in a conical bottom of the bioreactor. When delignified, rice straw was hydrolyzed repeatedly by reuse of M-AS; the total amount of soluble sugar produced from 5 g of delignified rice straw was 2.7 g. Further, by the hydrolysis method with repeated removal of reaction inhibitors (soluble sugar), the time required for converting the same amount of delignified rice straw to soluble sugar was significantly reduced, as compared with that by the standard reaction method.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260390306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellobiose by enzymatic hydrolysis: Removal of β-glucosidase from cellulase by affinity precipitation using chitosan (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 41 (1993), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: affinity precipitation ; β-glucosidase ; cellobiose production ; cellulase ; chitosan ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of β-glucosidase (BG) from cellulase is essential to the enzymatic production of cellobiose from cellulose because of the high reactivity of BG with cellobiose to form glucose. Chitosan is a reversibly soluble-insoluble polymer depending on pH, and it has an affinity with the other components, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and cellobiohydrolase, or cellulase. The affinity precipitation technique using chitosan is an effective way to fractionate cellulase for the above purpose. Hydrolysis experiments of cellulose with the residual fractionated enzyme gave higher cellobiose contents in the soluble sugar products. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260410403
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of a reversible soluble-insoluble cellulase and its application to repeated hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 1092-1097 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulase was covalently immobilized on an enteric coating polymer, Eudragit L, that is reversibly soluble and insoluble depending on the pH of the medium. The hydrolysis of solid cellulose with the immobilized enzyme can take advantage of the soluble property of the immobilized enzyme itself at the most reactive pH value; on the other hand, recovery of the enzyme can take advantage of the insoluble property of the enzyme at other pH values. It was experimentally confirmed that 100% of immobilized enzyme activity in solution can be recovered by precipitation and by dissolving it again by alternative change of pH. After a period of hydrolysis, immobilized enzyme and unreacted cellulose were precipitated together to remove the product - the soluble sugar solution - by changing pH. Following this, a new buffer solution was added to the precipitate to dissolve it and resume the reaction. This was repeated several times. The hydrolysis rate of this process increased significantly compared with that of a batch process. Utilization of the reversible soluble-insoluble carrier for immobilizing enzyme is promising, not only for cellulose-cellulase systems, but also for other heterogeneous reaction systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340810
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of cellobiose by enzymatic hydrolysis: Removal of β-glucosidase from cellulase by affinity precipitation using chitosan (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 42 (1993), S. 547-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260420421
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