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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Species richness and food web structure of soil decomposer community as affected by the size of habitat fragment and habitat corridors (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: While most ecologists agree that the effects of fragmentation on diversity of organisms are predominantly negative and that the scale of fragmentation defines their severity, the role of habitat corridors in mitigating those effects still remains controversial. This ambiguousness rests largely on various difficulties in experimentation, a problem partially solved in the present paper by the use of easily manipulated soil communities. In this 2.5-year-long field experiment, we investigated the responses of soil decomposer organisms (from microbes to mesofaunal predators) to habitat fragment size, in the presence or absence of habitat corridors connecting the fragments. The habitat fragments and corridors, composed of forest humus soil, were embedded in mineral soil representing an uninhabitable (or nonpreferred) matrix for the decomposer organisms. The results demonstrate that soil decomposer organisms do respond to changes in their habitat size: the species richness of microarthropods (mites and collembolans) increased as the size of the fragments increased. Especially collembolan species and predatory mites proved to be sensitive to the restricted habitat size, which is suggested to be a consequence of the large proportion of rare species and small and fluctuating population sizes in these groups. Contrary to our expectations, the presence of corridors had no positive effects on species richness or abundance of any of the studied faunas, possibly because of the low quality of the corridors. On the other hand, the biomass of soil fungi increased in the presence of corridors, which apparently provided a preferred pathway for vegetative dispersal of the fungi. Our results indicate that despite their characteristic underground environment, the response of soil decomposer organisms – in particular that of microarthropods – to habitat size is not unlike to that of the larger organisms in aboveground habitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.000999.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does simulated acid rain increase the leaching of cadmium from wood ash to toxic levels to coniferous forest humus microbes? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Wood ash contains Cd in concentrations not permitted for fertilization use in agriculture (〉3 mg kg−1). It has been shown that spiking ash with Cd to concentrations of 1000 mg kg−1 induced no further changes in humus microbial activity and community structure as ash alone. To accelerate the weathering process and thus to liberate the spiked Cd from the ash, three treatments – wood ash (A), Cd spiked wood ash (ACd, 1000 mg Cd kg−1 ash), both applied at a fertilization rate of 5000 kg ha−1, together with a control (C) – were performed in microcosms and incubated in field condition under two types of irrigation – water and simulated acid rain. During the incubation period of one growing season the simulated acid rain plots received a sulfur load of 3.64 g S m−2, which was 15 times more than the S deposition on the water irrigated plots. The treatments resulted in a mean Cd increase of the humus from 0.23 mg kg−1 of the C treatment to 0.52 and 39.5 mg kg−1 of the A and ACd treatments, respectively. The irrigation had no further effect on the result. The microbial activity, measured as soil basal respiration, and the microbial community structure, measured as humus phospholipid fatty acid and 16S and 18S polymerase chain reaction/denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns, changed only due to the ash (A and ACd treatments) fertilization irrespective of the irrigation. The bacterial biosensor, emitting light in the presence of bioavailable Cd, did not react to any of the treatments. This result shows that Cd in ash was not leached into the humus due to increased deposition of acidified rain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01087.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of ectomycorrhizal mycelium in soil by real-time PCR compared to conventional quantification techniques (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 45 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mycelial biomass estimates in soils are usually obtained by measuring total hyphal length or by measuring the amount of fungal-specific biomarkers such as ergosterol and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). These methods determine the biomass of the fungal community as a whole and do not allow species-specific identification. Molecular methods based on the extraction of total soil DNA and the use of genes as biomarkers enable identification of mycelia directly from the environment. Three molecular techniques were compared to determine the most reliable method for determining the biomass of individual fungal species in soil. The growth of extramatrical mycelium of two ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species (Suillus bovinus and Paxillus involutus) in soil was monitored by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, a cloning technique and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the results were compared with those obtained with hyphal length determination and PLFA analysis. The molecular methods enabled identification and relative quantification of both species separately in an environment with several fungal species present and showed consistent results. Amounts of target DNA per gram soil were used to quantitatively compare soil samples. Increasing amounts of S. bovinus DNA and decreasing amounts of P. involutus DNA were detected over time in an environment containing a more complex community. This work demonstrates that molecular methods provide tools to determine the biomass of individual fungal species in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00163-6
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Depth related diversity of methanogen Archaea in Finnish oligotrophic fen (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 42 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The annual rate of CH4 release and potential CH4 production has recently been studied in the Salmisuo fen in eastern Finland but the microbiota responsible for the CH4 production has not been examined. The diversity of the methane producing Archaea was analysed, at different depths, in the most representative microsite (Eriophorum lawn) of the fen. Methanogen populations were studied using primers amplifying a region of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase gene. PCR products were analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of clone libraries. A representative of each RFLP group was sequenced. The study revealed a change of the methanogen populations with depth. Sequences from the upper layers of the fen grouped in a novel ‘Fen cluster’ and were related to Methanomicrobiales. Sequences retrieved from the deeper layers of the fen were related to Methanosarcinales via the Rice Cluster-I.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb01033.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged, simulated acid rain and heavy metal deposition: separated and combined effects on forest soil microbial community structure (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 27 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The separate and combined effects of moderate levels of acid load and Cu-Ni deposition on humus (F/H layer) microbial community structure were examined six growing seasons after the start of an artificial irrigation experiment. A 22-factorial design with acid load (pH 3.1) and Cu-Ni addition was used. The acid application resulted in acidification as defined by humus chemistry, including a decrease in the concentration of base cations and an increase in the concentration of H+, Al and Fe, leading to a decrease in humus pH from 4.10 to 3.95. The metal additions resulted in a 2–3-fold increase in humus total Cu and Ni concentrations. The treatments did not affect the total microbial biomass, measured by substrate-induced respiration, or the basal respiration rate. However, the microbial community structure determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the acid load affected the bacterial part of the community. The relative amount of branched PLFAs common to Gram-positive bacteria increased with decreasing humus pH, and the bacterial community was also adapted to more acidic conditions. The metal addition alone did not cause clear changes in the microbial community structure or bacterial tolerance to Cu or Ni. The combined acid and metal treatment induced similar changes in the microbial community structure as the acid treatment alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00545.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methanotrophic bacteria in boreal forest soil after fire (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 50 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Methane-oxidizing bacteria are the only terrestrial sink for atmospheric methane. Little is known, however, about the methane-oxidizing bacteria that are responsible for the consumption of atmospheric methane, or about the factors that influence their activity and diversity in soil. Effects of fire and its end-product, wood ash, on the activity and community of methane oxidizing bacteria were studied in boreal forest 3 months and 12 years after the treatments. Fire significantly increased the atmospheric CH4 oxidation rate. Both fire and wood ash treatments resulted in increased soil pH, but there was no correlation with methane oxidation rates. Changes in the methane-oxidizing bacterial community due to treatments were not detected by cultivation-independent recovery and comparative sequence analysis of pmoA gene products from soil. Phylogenetic analysis showed that a majority of the pmoA sequences obtained belonged to the “upland soil cluster α”, which has previously been detected in diverse forest environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2004.06.013
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Cd-containing wood ash on the microflora of coniferous forest humus (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 32 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The use of wood ash in forestry has been questioned because the cadmium (Cd) concentration of ash, which varies between 1 and 20 mg kg−1 ash, exceeds the level allowed for fertilizers (3 mg kg−1) used in agriculture. To investigate the combined and separated effects of Cd and ash on the forest humus microflora, pumice or wood ash, spiked with a water-soluble (CdCl2) or -insoluble (CdO) form of Cd at three levels (0, 400 and 1000 mg kg−1), were applied at a fertilization level of 5000 kg ha−1 in a laboratory microcosm study. The trial consisted of 60 microcosms (five replications per treatment), which were incubated in darkness at +20°C and a constant relative air humidity of 60%. After two months the humus in the microcosms was sampled. Analyses of CO2 evolution to measure the overall microbial activity and of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) pattern to measure microbial community structure were performed. The substrate-use patterns of Biolog EcoPlates were analyzed as a measure of bacterial functionality. Finally the bacterial 3H-thymidine incorporation in the presence of different concentrations of Cd and the number of colony forming units (cfu) of bacteria on nutrient agar in the presence of 0, 5 and 20 mg Cd l−1 agar were applied to measure Cd tolerance. The use of pumice (pH of humus under the pumice 4.0) did not induce any changes in the above variables compared to two untreated microcosms (humus pH 3.9). Pumice was therefore used to distribute the Cd evenly over the humus surface in order to estimate the possible effect of Cd without ash (pH of humus under the ash 7.0). The application of ash increased the microbial activity, changed the PLFA and substrate-use patterns and increased cfu compared to the humus under pumice. The form and level of Cd in the ash had no further effect on this result. In the humus under pumice the level, but not the form of Cd decreased the microbial activity and changed the PLFA pattern compared to the unspiked pumice. None of the treatments induced bacterial tolerance to Cd. Ash thus protected the humus microflora from the harmful effects of Cd.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2000.tb00697.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of epiphytic microflora from Pinus sylvestris needles to alkaline deposition (1992)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 48 (1992), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194380
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compensatory fertilization of Scots pine stands polluted by heavy metals (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 239-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: compensatory fertilization ; deposition ; heavy metals ; liming ; Pinus sylvestris ; soil pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The results from four compensatory fertilization experiments located at different distances (0.5, 2, 4 and 8 km) along a heavy metal deposition gradient extending from the Harjavalta Cu-Ni smelter in SW Finland are presented. The experiments were established in middle-age Scots pine stands growing on dryish sites of sorted glaciofluvial sediments. The soil type in all the experiments is ferric podsol. The treatments in the experiments consisted of liming, a powdered slow-release mineral mixture and stand-specific fertilization which comprised at least methylene urea and ammonium nitrate. Monitoring of deposition and soil solution and studies on soil chemical and microbiological properties, on the nutrient status of trees and needle litterfall, on fine root dynamics and on the growth of the tree stands were carried out during a 5-year period. There was a severe shortage of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the organic layer of the most polluted stands. Although the uppermost mineral soil layer had relatively high exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, the trees were not able to utilize these nutrient reserves presumably due to the toxic effects of Cu and Ni on the plant roots and mycorrhizas. The treatments that included limestone markedly decreased the Cu and Ni concentrations in the soil solution and soil organic layer, presumably due to immobilisation through precipitation or absorption. The Ca and Mg concentrations correspondingly increased, which certainly contributed to the partial recovery of fine root and stand growth. The powdered mineral mixture and the combination of methylene urea and ammonium nitrate had no short-term effect on the microbial biomass and activity. All the fertilizer treatments increased volume growth in the most polluted stand. The stand-specific fertilization increased needle mass in heavily polluted stands, but the response of the needle mass to fertilizer treatments was low in the less polluted stands. No clear evidence was found to support the role of nutrient status in tree resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009851326584
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecosystem properties and microbial community changes in primary succession on a glacier forefront (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 239-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words C use efficiency ; Chronosequence ; Metabolic quotient ; Microbial biomass ; Phospholipid fatty acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied microbial community composition in a primary successional chronosequence on the forefront of Lyman Glacier, Washington, United States. We sampled microbial communities in soil from nonvegetated areas and under the canopies of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants from 20- to 80-year-old zones along the successional gradient. Three independent measures of microbial biomass were used: substrate-induced respiration (SIR), phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, and direct microscopic counts. All methods indicated that biomass increased over successional time in the nonvegetated soil. PLFA analysis indicated that the microbial biomass was greater under the plant canopies than in the nonvegetated soils; the microbial community composition was clearly different between these two types of soils. Over the successional gradient, the microbial community shifted from bacterial-dominated to fungal-dominated. Microbial respiration increased while specific activity (respiration per unit biomass) decreased in nonvegetated soils over the successional gradient. We proposed and evaluated new parameters for estimating the C use efficiency of the soil microbial community: “Max” indicates the maximal respiration rate and “Acc” the total C released from the sample after a standard amount of substrate is added. These, as well as the corresponding specific activities (calculated as Max and Acc per unit biomass), decreased sharply over the successional gradient. Our study suggests that during the early stages of succession the microbial community cannot incorporate all the added substrate into its biomass, but rapidly increases its respiration. The later-stage microbial community cannot reach as high a rate of respiration per unit biomass but remains in an “energy-saving state,” accumulating C to its biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050782
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