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  • 1
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    Correction Factors for δ18O-Derived Global Sea Surface Temperature Reconstructions From Diagenetically Altered Intervals of Coral Skeletal Density Banding (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-18
    Electronic ISSN: 2296-7745
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Frontiers Media
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  • 2
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    Controls on Iron Reduction and Biomineralization over Broad Environmental Conditions as Suggested by the Firmicutes Orenia metallireducens Strain Z6 (2020)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-21
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 3
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    Electrophysiological and motor responses to chemosensory stimuli in isolated cephalopod arms (2020)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © University of Chicago, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of University of Chicago for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Biological Bulletin 238(1), (2020): 1-11, doi:10.1086/707837.
    Description: While there is behavioral and anatomical evidence that coleoid cephalopods use their arms to “taste” substances in the environment, the neurophysiology of chemosensation has been largely unexamined. The range and sensitivity of detectable chemosensory stimuli, and the processing of chemosensory information, are unknown. To begin to address these issues, we developed a technique for recording neurophysiological responses from isolated arms, allowing us to test responses to biologically relevant stimuli. We tested arms from both a pelagic species (Doryteuthis pealeii) and a benthic species (Octopus bimaculoides) by attaching a suction electrode to the axial nerve cord to record neural activity in response to chemical stimuli. Doryteuthis pealeii arms showed anecdotal responses to some stimuli but generally did not tolerate the preparation; tissue was nonviable within minutes ex vivo. Octopus bimaculoides arms were used successfully, with tissue remaining healthy and responsive for several hours. Arms responded strongly to fish skin extract, glycine, methionine, and conspecific skin extract but not to cephalopod ink or seawater controls. Motor responses were also observed in response to detected stimuli. These results suggest that chemosensory receptor cells on O. bimaculoides arms were able to detect environmentally relevant chemicals and drive local motor responses within the arm. Further exploration of potential chemical stimuli for O. bimaculoides arms, as well as investigations into the neural processing within the arm, could enhance our understanding of how this species uses its arms to explore its environment. While not successful in D. pealeii, this technique could be attempted with other cephalopod species, as comparative questions remain of interest.
    Description: This research was supported by the Grass Foundation and Denison University. Animals were provided by the Marine Resource Center and the Cephalopod Breeding Initiative at the MBL, which also provided excellent animal care and training in animal handling. Discussions with Lisa Abbo, Roger Hanlon, members of MBL Cephalopod Discussion Group 2018, and members of the Grass Lab 2018 were invaluable to the design and execution of these experiments.
    Description: 2021-02-17
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Synuclein regulates synaptic vesicle clustering and docking at a vertebrate synapse (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fouke, K. E., Wegman, M. E., Weber, S. A., Brady, E. B., Roman-Vendrell, C., & Morgan, J. R. Synuclein regulates synaptic vesicle clustering and docking at a vertebrate synapse. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9, (2021): 774650, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.774650.
    Description: Neurotransmission relies critically on the exocytotic release of neurotransmitters from small synaptic vesicles (SVs) at the active zone. Therefore, it is essential for neurons to maintain an adequate pool of SVs clustered at synapses in order to sustain efficient neurotransmission. It is well established that the phosphoprotein synapsin 1 regulates SV clustering at synapses. Here, we demonstrate that synuclein, another SV-associated protein and synapsin binding partner, also modulates SV clustering at a vertebrate synapse. When acutely introduced to unstimulated lamprey reticulospinal synapses, a pan-synuclein antibody raised against the N-terminal domain of α-synuclein induced a significant loss of SVs at the synapse. Both docked SVs and the distal reserve pool of SVs were depleted, resulting in a loss of total membrane at synapses. In contrast, antibodies against two other abundant SV-associated proteins, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 (SV2) and vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP/synaptobrevin), had no effect on the size or distribution of SV clusters. Synuclein perturbation caused a dose-dependent reduction in the number of SVs at synapses. Interestingly, the large SV clusters appeared to disperse into smaller SV clusters, as well as individual SVs. Thus, synuclein regulates clustering of SVs at resting synapses, as well as docking of SVs at the active zone. These findings reveal new roles for synuclein at the synapse and provide critical insights into diseases associated with α-synuclein dysfunction, such as Parkinson’s disease.
    Description: Funding support for this project was provided by the National Institutes of Health NINDS/NIA R01 NS078165 (to JM); University of Chicago Jeff Metcalf Fellowship Grant (to SW).
    Keywords: Exocytosis ; Endocytosis ; Synapsin ; Lamprey ; Liquid phase separation ; VAMP2
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Corals regulate the distribution and abundance of Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecules in response to changing water depth and sea surface temperature (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sivaguru, M., Todorov, L. G., Fouke, C. E., Munro, C. M. O., Fouke, K. W., Fouke, K. E., Baughman, M. E., & Fouke, B. W. Corals regulate the distribution and abundance of Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecules in response to changing water depth and sea surface temperature. Scientific Reports, 11(1), (2021): 2230, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81520-0.
    Description: The Scleractinian corals Orbicella annularis and O. faveolata have survived by acclimatizing to environmental changes in water depth and sea surface temperature (SST). However, the complex physiological mechanisms by which this is achieved remain only partially understood, limiting the accurate prediction of coral response to future climate change. This study quantitatively tracks spatial and temporal changes in Symbiodiniaceae and biomolecule (chromatophores, calmodulin, carbonic anhydrase and mucus) abundance that are essential to the processes of acclimatization and biomineralization. Decalcified tissues from intact healthy Orbicella biopsies, collected across water depths and seasonal SST changes on Curaçao, were analyzed with novel autofluorescence and immunofluorescence histology techniques that included the use of custom antibodies. O. annularis at 5 m water depth exhibited decreased Symbiodiniaceae and increased chromatophore abundances, while O. faveolata at 12 m water depth exhibited inverse relationships. Analysis of seasonal acclimatization of the O. faveolata holobiont in this study, combined with previous reports, suggests that biomolecules are differentially modulated during transition from cooler to warmer SST. Warmer SST was also accompanied by decreased mucus production and decreased Symbiodiniaceae abundance, which is compensated by increased photosynthetic activity enhanced calcification. These interacting processes have facilitated the remarkable resiliency of the corals through geological time.
    Description: Financial support for this work was provided by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-00-1-0609), the Illinois Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Undergraduate Summer Research Fellowship, the Illinois Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology Mark Tracy Fellowship for Translational Research, and the Illinois Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Jenner Family Summer Research Fellowship and the Edward and Barbara Weil Research Fund provided to the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
    Keywords: Autofluorescence ; Two-photon microscopy ; X-ray Micro CT ; Water Depth ; Bathymetry ; Sea surface temperature ; Symbiodiniaceae symbiont ; chromatophores ; calmodulin ; carbonic anhydrase ; mucus ; Scleractinian corals ; Orbicella annularis ; Orbicella faveolata
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 6
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    Recovery of burrowing behavior after spinal cord injury in the larval sea lamprey (2020)
    University of Chicago Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Katz, H. R., Fouke, K. E., Losurdo, N. A., & Morgan, J. R. Recovery of burrowing behavior after spinal cord injury in the larval sea lamprey. Biological Bulletin, 239(3), (2020): 174-182, doi:10.1086/711365.
    Description: Following traumatic spinal cord injury, most mammalian species are unable to achieve substantial neuronal regeneration and often experience loss of locomotor function. In contrast, larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) spontaneously recover normal swimming behaviors by 10–12 weeks post-injury, which is supported by robust regeneration of spinal axons. While recovery of swimming behavior is well established, the lamprey’s ability to recover more complex behaviors, such as burrowing, is unknown. Here we evaluated the lamprey’s ability to burrow into a sand substrate over the typical time course of functional recovery (1–11 weeks post-injury). Compared to uninjured control lampreys, which burrow rapidly and completely, spinal-transected animals did not attempt burrowing until 2 weeks post-injury; and they often did not succeed in fully covering their entire body in the sand. Burrowing behavior gradually improved over post-injury time, with most animals burrowing partially or completely by 9–11 weeks post-injury. Burrowing behavior has two components: the initial component that resembles swimming with propagated body undulations and the final component that pulls the tail under the sand. While the duration of the initial component did not differ between control and spinal-transected animals across the entire recovery period, the duration of the final component in spinal-transected animals was significantly longer at all time points measured. These data indicate that, after spinal cord injury, lampreys are able to recover burrowing behaviors, though some deficits persist.
    Description: We thank Eduardo Guadarrama for performing lamprey transection surgeries and Dr. Eric D. Tytell (Tufts University) for valuable discussion and feedback, as well the Marine Biological Laboratory for providing funding support. NAL was funded in part by a National Science Foundation-sponsored Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program at the Marine Biological Laboratory: “Biological Discovery in Woods Hole” (grant 1659604; PIs: A. Mensinger, V. Martinez Acosta).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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