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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2007-03-15
    Print ISSN: 0028-1042
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1904
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
  • 3
    Publication Date: 1978-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 274 (1978), S. 708-710 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Right-left-desynchronisation of circadian rhythms of sensitivity in the two compound eyes of Blaps gigas during maintained darkness. Beetles were collected on the Island Djerba (Tunisia) Blaps gigas L. was used, but B. requienii Sol also shows internal desynchronisation as described here. ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 91 (1974), S. 399-416 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die ocellenähnlichen Medianaugen des SkorpionsAndroctonus australis L. enthalten hauptsächlich Sehzellen, dazwischen wenige Pigmentzellen und keine Nervenzellen. Die Axone der Retinulazellen bilden den Sehnerv. Die Sehzellen enthalten große Mengen von stark lichtabsorbierendem Sohirmpigment. Die Rhabdome erreichen nicht die praeretinale Membran. In dem während der Tagzeit fixierten Auge sind die zahlreichen Schirmpigmentgranula distal der äußeren Rhabdomenden dicht konzentriert und mindern den Lichtfluß zu den Rhabdomen. 2. In Langzeitversuchen konnten am selben Tier mit implantierten Platinelektroden die Elektroretinogramme monatelang, in mehreren Fällen länger als ein halbes Jahr, abgeleitet werden. 3. Die ERG zeigen im Dauerdunkel spontane tagesperiodische Unterschiede, die bei Schwellenreizen Empfindlichkeitsänderungen von 3–4 log Einheiten entsprechen. 4. Im Dauerdunkel lassen sich im annähernd rechteckförmigen Tagesverlauf der ERG-Eineffektamplitude eine Tagphase und eine Nachtphase voneinander unterscheiden. Während der Nachtphase ist die ERG-Amplitude ungefähr gleich hoch, während der Tagphase gleichbleibend klein. Die Länge der Tagphase kann z.B. 8,5 Std und die der Nachtphase 9 Std betragen. Der Übergang zur Nachtphase bzw. zur Tagphase dauert ca. 2,5 Std. 5. Die Länge einer Periode weicht in der Regel mehr oder weniger stark von 24 Std ab. Sie kann im Dauerdunkel kürzer oder länger sein und führt zu einer Verdriftung der Phasenlage gegenüber dem Normaltag um mehrere Periodenlängen. Es handelt sich bei dieser Adaptation um eine endogen gesteuerte circadiane Rhythmik. 6. In der Tagesphase zeigt das ERG der Medianaugen einen einfachen Potentialverlauf, der einem phasisch-tonischen Receptorpotential ähnelt. In der Nachtphase dagegen sind mehrere Eineffektwellen zu beobachten. 7. Durch Wiederholen von kurzen und intensiven Testreizen kann in der Nachtphase eine Vergrößerung von Eineffektwellen in den nachfolgenden ERG erzielt werden. Die Amplitude kann dabei auf mehr als das Doppelte ansteigen. 8. Der für die circadiane Adaptation wirksamste Mechanismus ist die Verlagerung von Schirmpigment innerhalb der Sehzellen. Beim Übergang zur Nachtphase wandern die Pigmentgranula in proximaler Richtung. Beim Übergang zur Tagphase wandern sie trotz andauernder Dunkelheit wieder distal vor die Rhabdome und schirmen diese gegen das einfallende Licht ab.
    Notes: Summary 1. The median eyes of the scorpionAndroctonus australis L. resemble ocelli. Their retinae consist of retinula cells, few pigment cells and no neurons at all. The axons of the retinula cells form the optic nerve. The rhabdoms do not reach the preretinal membrane. In eyes fixed during the day state pigment granules in the distal ends of the retinula cells shelter the rhabdoms from incident light. 2. Platinum electrodes were implanted to record electroretinograms (ERG) during long-term experiments, some of them lasting over six months. 3. In constant darkness the ERG shows free-running variations of amplitude corresponding to sensitivity changes of 3 to 4 log units. 4. In constant darkness the nearly rectangular time course of the amplitude of the ERG-on-effects consists of two different phases which are defined as day state (low sensitivity) and night state (high sensitivity). For example, the day state can amount to about 8.5 hours, and the night state to about 9 hours, the time between the two phases being about 2.5 hours. 5. In constant darkness, period length usually deviates from 24 hours. Phase relation to the 24-h day may shift for several cycle lengths. This proves that the periodical adaptation is a self-sustained circadian rhythm. 6. During the day state the shape of the ERG resembles a phasic-tonic receptorpotential, during the night state the on-effect consists of several peaks. 7. The on-effect peaks of the night state ERG can be increased by repeating short intensive test flashes. The amplitude may increase by more than 100%. 8. Pigment migration in the retinula cells is the most important mechanism involved in the circadian sensitivity change. During the period between day state and night state the pigment granules move towards the proximal parts of the cells, from night state to day-state they move towards the distal parts in front of the rhabdoms in spite of constant darkness.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 118 (1977), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The circadian rhythm of sensitivity to light inAndroctonus australis L. is entirely synchronous in the two median eyes (Figs. 1, 2). Simultaneous ERG recordings show that the similarity of this endogenous adaptation in the two eyes extends to the finest details (Figs. 1, 2). 2. A 2 h exposure of one median eye to light during the night phase reduced the sensitivity in the contralateral, unilluminated, median eye. The phase of the circadian period is delayed if this light stimulus is given during the first half of the night phase, and accelerated if it is given during the second half. 3. The phase of the circadian rhythm in the median eye can be entrained by exposure of the median eyes themselves to a 24-h light-dark rhythm. With the entire field of view of one median eye occupied by a uniform bright surface, a Zeitgeber with a luminance of about 10−2 cd · m−2 (=2.5 · 10−2 lux, cf. Methods) white light sufficed to entrain the rhythm.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 118 (1977), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The circadian rhythm of sensitivity in the median eyes ofAndroctonus australis L. can be entrained by exposure of the lateral eyes to a 24-h light-dark rhythm. Presentation of the Zeitgeber to only the anteriormost one of the lateral eyes sufficed (Fig. 1). However, with illumination of an entire group of lateral eyes (Fig. 2), entrainment was obtained at extremely low light intensities — white light at luminance levels of 10−4cd · m−2 (=2.5 · 10−4 lux, cf. Methods). The relatively less marked circadian rhythm of lateral-eye sensitivity is probably controlled via the optic nerve supplying these eyes (Fig. 4).
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 118 (1977), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The absolute thresholds of the lateral and median eyes of the scorpionAndroctonus australis L. were estimated from averaged electroretinograms (ERG). 2. The lateral eyes of scorpions kept in maintained darkness for 60 days gave measurable ERG responses to light from a uniform hemispherical surround with source radiance of as little as 1.5·10−8 μW·cm−2·sr−1 (for monochromatic light of wavelength 493 nm), during the circadian night phase (Table 1). During the day phase the lateral eyes were less sensitive, by about 0.5 log units (Fig. 4). 3. The median eyes, with a threshold of 1.5·10−7 μW·cm−2·sr−1 during the night phase, were only 1 log unit less sensitive than the lateral eyes at this phase of the circadian cycle (Table 1, Fig. 4). However, the sensitivity of the median eyes during the day phase fell by about 3 log units (Table 1, Fig. 4). 4. The absolute sensitivities of eyes of a given type in the same circadian phase usually varied, among different animals, by less than 1 log unit (Fig. 4). The sensitivity of a given eye in a particular phase, but measured in different circadian periods, was often highly reproducible. 5. The remarkably high sensitivity of the scorpion eyes is discussed with respect to the biology of these nocturnal animals, and compared with that of other eyes.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 130 (1979), S. 265-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on reconstructions from serial thin sections, arhabdomeric cells within the retina of the median eyes of the scorpion,Androctonus australis, are identified. Each retinula unit (formed by mainly five retinula cells with a fused rhabdom) is associated with one arhabdomeric cell. Extending distally from its soma which is located close to the postretina, the arhabdomeric cell bears an up to 80 μm long dendrite that ends at the base of the fused rhabdom. The most noteworthy morphological feature of the dendrite is the presence, at the distal dendrite tip, of numerous finger-like or bulbous evaginations that extend into every one of the five visual cells forming a retinula unit. These and other characteristics strongly suggest that the arhabdomeric cell represents an intrinsically photoinsensitive second neuron involved in visual information processing.
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