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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatiotemporal inseparability in early vision: centre-surround models and velocity selectivity (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Computational intelligence 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Several computational theories of early visual processing, such as Marr's zero-crossing theory, are biologically motivated and based largely on the well-known difference of Gaussians (DOG) receptive-field model of retinal processing. We examine the physiological relevance of the DOG, particularly in the light of evidence indicating significant spatiotemporal inseparability in the behaviour of retinal cell types. From the form of the inseparability we find that commonly accepted functional interpretations of retinal processing based on the DOG, such as the Laplacian of a Gaussian and zero crossings, are not valid for time-varying images. In contrast to current machine-vision approaches, which attempt to separate form and motion information at an early stage, it appears that this is not the case in biological systems. It is further shown that the qualitative form of this inseparability provides a convenient precursor to the extraction of both form and motion information. We show the construction of efficient mechanisms for the extraction of orientation and two-dimensional normal velocity through the use of a hierarchical computational framework. The resultant mechanisms are well localized in space-time and can be easily tuned to various degrees of orientation and speed specificity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8640.1985.tb00062.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPARATIVE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH LEADING TO AN INTERVENTION STRATEGY [I] (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of management studies 21 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several literature reviews have concluded that there is little consistency among researchers and practitioners when referring to the concept, ‘organizational effectiveness’. In this study, multiple data gathered on several organizational constituencies for three models of organizational effectiveness are studied to examine empirically the comparability of those models. The relative effectiveness of each organization varied both between and within the theoretical models providing the bases of analysis. Little convergence exists among the models so that problem diagnosis intervention in the processes of small organizations may be more accurate when treating effectiveness as a multivariate concept examined via a given organization's constituencies over time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00238.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raising Rivals’ Costs Through Political Strategy: An Extension of Resource-based Theory (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    Journal of management studies 39 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-6486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we extend the resource-based theory of the firm to show that it can be used to analyse the effectiveness of competitive strategies. Specifically, we demonstrate that political strategies aimed at raising rivals’ costs by blocking the use of substitute resources may create the opportunity for a firm to capitalize on resources that are valuable, rare, and costly to imitate. The uses of political activity to block the availability of substitute resources are discussed in detail and examples are provided to demonstrate how such strategies are used and to illustrate how successful they may be. This is an important extension of the resource-based theory because it demonstrates how the theory can be applied by researchers and practitioners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00308
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The United States safety movement and Howard Pyle (2000)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of management history 6 (2000), S. 127-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-252X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The health and safety of members of organizations is a long-standing human resource issue of interest to those in the field of management. While its history is long and complicated, one part of that history - the role of Howard Pyle - is outlined here. The voluntary safety movement approach to this issue was supported strongly by Howard Pyle. A former radio station announcer who became Governor of the State of Arizona, Pyle was extremely active in the voluntary safety movement. In addition to becoming Governor of Arizona, he rose to be Deputy Assistant to the President of the United States, President of the National Safety Council, and first Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Advisory Committee for Occupational Safety and Health. His contributions should not go unremembered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552520010326285
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: An updated typology of management skills (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 42 (2004), S. 1297-1308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Robert L. Katz first called attention to the problem of identifying those skills necessary for successful performance in managerial roles. This paper identifies the impact of Katz's classic 1955 work on managerial skills and notes the continuing legacy of his work. Modifications and additions appearing in the management literature, particularly introductory or principles textbooks, are noted with a suggested expansion of Katz's work that would subsume the dominant ones of those. The importance of managerial skills to the carrying out of managerial functions is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740410568980
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disparity tuning as simulated by a neural net (2000)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 83 (2000), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Previous research has suggested that the processing of binocular disparity in complex cells may be described with an energy formalism. The energy formalism allows for a representation of disparity by differences in the position or in the phase of monocular receptive subfields of binocular cells, or by combination of these two types. We studied the coding of disparities with an approach complementary to previous algorithmic investigations. Since realization of these representations is probably not genetically determined but learned during ontogeny, we used backpropagation networks to study which of these three possibilities were realized within neural nets. Three types of networks were trained with noise patterns in analogy to the three types of energy models. The networks learned the task and generalized to untrained correlated noise pattern input. Outputs were broadly tuned to spatial frequency and did not respond to anti-correlated noise patterns. Although the energy model was not explicitly implemented, we could analyze the outputs of the networks using predictions of the energy formalism. After learning was completed, the model neurons preferred position shifts over phase shifts in representing disparity. We discuss the general meaning of these findings and the correspondences and deviations between the energy model, V1 neurons, and our networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220000146
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatiotemporal inseparability in early visual processing (1985)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 52 (1985), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We examine the implications of significant inseparable behaviour in centre-surround retinal cell types. From the form of a spatiotemporal centre-surround (CS) model which agrees qualitatively with physiological observations, we find that the sustained/transient dichotomy is a poor distinction for X-type/Y-type retinal ganglion cells since both exhibit inseparability. Static centre-surround models and spatiotemporal separable models are not valid for time-varying stimuli. Our results contradict the models for X- and Y-type ganglion cells proposed by Marr and Hildreth (1980) and Marr and Ullman (1981), and raise doubts about the physiological validity of Marr's zerocrossing theory. The CS filter is an attractive precursor to the extraction of 2-d motion information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00339944
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Safety issues beyond the workplace: Estimate relationships between work injuries and available supervision (1993)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 6 (1993), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: safety ; work injuries ; span of control ; downsizing ; supervision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study reports the results of an investigation of the relation between one measure of the performance of firms, work injuries, and the number of first level supervisors for 140 chemical, paper, and wood product manufacturing firms. Additional numbers of supervisors were found to be associated with lower work injuries in most cases, and the cost of such additional supervision was found to be partially justified in terms of the reduced costs of work injuries, although there was considerable variation across industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01384752
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computation of component image velocity from local phase information (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 5 (1990), S. 77-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We present a technique for the computation of 2D component velocity from image sequences. Initially, the image sequence is represented by a family of spatiotemporal velocity-tuned linear filters. Component velocity, computed from spatiotemporal responses of identically tuned filters, is expressed in terms of the local first-order behavior of surfaces of constant phase. Justification for this definition is discussed from the perspectives of both 2D image translation and deviations from translation that are typical in perspective projections of 3D scenes. The resulting technique is predominantly linear, efficient, and suitable for parallel processing. Moreover, it is local in space-time, robust with respect to noise, and permits multiple estimates within a single neighborhood. Promising quantiative results are reported from experiments with realistic image sequences, including cases with sizeable perspective deformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00056772
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and Use of Linear Models for Image Motion Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of computer vision 36 (2000), S. 171-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1405
    Keywords: optical flow ; motion discontinuities ; occlusion ; steerable filters ; learning ; eigenspace methods ; motion-based recognition ; non-rigid and articulated motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Linear parameterized models of optical flow, particularly affine models, have become widespread in image motion analysis. The linear model coefficients are straightforward to estimate, and they provide reliable estimates of the optical flow of smooth surfaces. Here we explore the use of parameterized motion models that represent much more varied and complex motions. Our goals are threefold: to construct linear bases for complex motion phenomena; to estimate the coefficients of these linear models; and to recognize or classify image motions from the estimated coefficients. We consider two broad classes of motions: i) generic “motion features” such as motion discontinuities and moving bars; and ii) non-rigid, object-specific, motions such as the motion of human mouths. For motion features we construct a basis of steerable flow fields that approximate the motion features. For object-specific motions we construct basis flow fields from example motions using principal component analysis. In both cases, the model coefficients can be estimated directly from spatiotemporal image derivatives with a robust, multi-resolution scheme. Finally, we show how these model coefficients can be use to detect and recognize specific motions such as occlusion boundaries and facial expressions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008156202475
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