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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray generation from 50-mJ, 120-ps KrF laser-produced plasmas (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 1153-1162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The generation of x rays from the interaction of low-energy (10–50 mJ) 120-ps KrF laser pulses with solid targets has been experimentally investigated. Conversion efficiency as a function of laser energy and detailed keV x-ray spectra have been obtained for targets (Fe, Ni, and Cu) with potential application in high-resolution x-ray lithography. Peak x-ray conversion efficiencies of over 3% in the 800–1400-eV photon energy band have been measured for laser intensities of 1.5 × 1014 W/cm2. In addition, transmission grating spectra have been obtained to characterize the overall distribution of x-ray emission at photon energies down to 100 eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351281
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent results from experiments on x-ray confining cavities (abstract) : Eighth topical conference on high−temperature plasma diagnostics (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 2813-2813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In continuation of the collaborative work between the Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka and Max–Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching on x-ray confining cavities, we have performed a new series of experiments using the GEKKO-XII laser facility (4 kJ, 0.9 ns, λ=0.35 μm). The results from two experimental objectives will be presented. The first objective was the direct observation of the x-ray confinement effect in a cavity. A special design target allowed the simultaneous measurement of the x-ray flux emanating from a "closed'' cavity and an "open'' cavity. The second objective was the study of radiation transport mechanism in high- and low-Z materials. Thin foils of Au and Al were used as windows on diagnostic holes of x-ray confining cavities and their emission was compared to that of an open hole. A summary of the main results will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141839
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vaporization of aluminum by 50 ps KrF laser pulses (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 80 (1996), S. 509-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Removal of aluminum films, coated onto glass microscope cover plates, via evaporation by 50 ps krypton fluoride laser pulses has been experimentally and numerically investigated. At an energy density of 260±40 mJ cm−2, which is below that required for plasma formation, the material removal rate was measured to be 2.0±0.5 nm per laser shot. The results are in agreement with calculated evaporation rates if an increase in absorption is included upon melting. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362755
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of keV x-ray generation on the temporal and spatial separation of two KrF laser pulses (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 5047-5053 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The generation of keV x-ray emission from plasma produced by a 15 mJ 90 ps KrF laser pulse focused to an 8 μm spot on a copper target preceded by a similar 8 mJ pulse is studied experimentally. The change in efficiency of generation of keV x rays by the second pulse due to the presence of plasma produced by the preceding laser pulse on target is investigated as a function of the spatial and temporal separation of the laser pulses. When closely overlapped in space and time the pair of pulses behave like a single higher intensity pulse. When separated in space by more than 100 μm the two pulses behave independently generating x rays at the same rate as they would as two separate pulses. However, when overlapped in space and separated in time the x-ray generation by the second pulse is enhanced for small temporal separations and then suppressed for larger temporal separations due to the plasma created by the first pulse. These results can be explained by the initial production of hot plasma which enhances x-ray generation followed by the production of an extended colder plasma from the unloading of the shock heated target surface which suppresses keV x-ray production by the second pulse. The observed time of transition from enhancement to reduction of x-ray generation agrees with the time for the hot initial plasma due to the first laser pulse to expand and cool significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.357216
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fiducial monitor for an x-ray streak camera (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 1049-1051 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fiducial monitor system that has been adapted and utilized for a commercial x-ray streak camera is described. The fiducial allows an unambiguous temporal synchronization of the incident KrF UV laser pulse with the features of the x-ray emission streak as required in ablation rate studies involving multilayered targets. The linearity of the fiducial record was confirmed by recording the laser pulse simultaneously with an UV streak camera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138657
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single shot charge analyzer for laser-produced plasma studies (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 148-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The theory and design of a single shot charge analyzer is described which is capable of separating a multispecies ion beam from an instantaneous point source of plasma, such as laser-produced plasma, into several single species ion beams. A time-dependent deflection in planar geometry is employed which continuously steers each ion beam into a separate Faraday cup. Two important processes, space charge spreading of the ion beams and charge exchange with background gas in the chamber, that may alter the performance of the analyzer, are studied in detail. The charge state distribution of a laser-produced plasma obtained by this device is compared to that obtained by a 45° electrostatic analyzer using multiple laser shots. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1145248
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of planar multilayered targets for laser ablation studies (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2625-2627 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A method is described for the reliable production of reproducible multilayered targets for laser ablation rate studies using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy. The targets consist of alternating layers of plastic and evaporated metals whose thickness and uniformity were examined by weighing and by SEM micrography to be suitable for experiments. The plastic layers are deposited by a dipping technique using various concentrations of polystyrene and Formvar solutions. The resulting thickness of the films versus the concentration of the solutions is reported. In addition, an application of submicrometer Formvar films for use as sub-keV x-ray filters is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139070
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient keV x-ray generation from 50 mJ KrF laser plasmas (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1818-1820 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High efficiency generation of keV x-rays from copper and iron targets has been studied using 50 mJ, 90 ps KrF laser pulses. By use of an aberration corrected 125 mm focal length lens conversion efficiencies of 9% and 10% into 800–1400 eV x-rays have been obtained for copper and iron targets. This is a substantial increase over the 2%–3% previously measured in a similar experiment and is comparable to results obtained with much larger laser energies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107174
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulations of charge state distribution from a KrF laser-produced plasma (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 4115-4122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A calculation of the charge state distribution of the asymptotic evolution of a plasma produced by an ultraviolet laser has been carried out by coupling the results of a detailed two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation of the creation and heating of the plasma to a simpler one-dimensional hydrodynamic code. The latter incorporates time-dependent ionization and recombination physics and is used to model the subsequent expansion and cooling of the plasma. The simulation results are compared to experimental charge state distributions obtained by using a single shot electrodynamic charge analyzer. The sensitivity of the results to the rate coefficients used for the recombination calculations was tested and the calculated distributions were found to be most sensitive to the values of the three-body recombination rate and the amount of heat returned to the plasma. Reasonable agreement was found between the measured and calculated charge state distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860580
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of charge state distribution from KrF and ruby laser-produced plasmas (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 3357-3368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The detailed angular charge distributions of the asymptotic plasma produced from carbon and aluminum targets by UV and visible laser pulses in the intensity range of 1011–1013 W cm−2 and pulselength range of 1–20 nsec have been measured using a single shot electrodynamic charge analyzer. The observed variation of average charge state as a function of velocity was determined from measurement and has been found to be approximately linear with no apparent dependence on angle of observation. For similar irradiation conditions, shorter-wavelength radiation produces lower final charge states, as expected, from the higher interaction density in the initial laser produced plasma leading to enhanced recombination in the early stages of expansion of the plasma. The characteristics of the angular charge distribution can be qualitatively explained by considering the flow of the source plasma mapping different regions of the focal spot into different angles, relative to the target normal, in the expanding plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860630
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