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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 219 (1968), S. 1384-1386 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Mr A. C. Simpson of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Burnham-on-Crouch, provided the shells for this study; they were collected systematically by Dr D. A. Hancock as part of his study on the population dynamics of the cockle community at Burry6'7. The cold winter of 1962 63, the coldest ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1990), S. 743-744 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 2259-2271 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal expansion behaviour of several fibre-reinforced PEEK composites is assessed. It is shown that thermal expansion behaviour is consistent, and changes in a predictable manner with changes in fibre type. Using a composite manufactured such that no interfacial bonding took place, it is demonstrated that compressive forces caused by differential thermal contraction of fibre and matrix are sufficiently large to dominate behaviour in a direction parallel to the fibres. This suggests that PEEK composites should be resistant to changes in thermal expansion behaviour with repeated thermal cycling, and such resistance is demonstrated for AS4/PEEK (APC-2/AS4). It is shown that conventional models for predicting laminate response from unidirectional composite properties are valid for such materials, but it is also shown that the common analytical models for calculating transverse fibre behaviour from composite properties are inaccurate.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1227-1232 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By the use of x-ray diffraction techniques a method is proposed for the measurement of the “smectic” content (interpreted here as material of intermediate order) of undrawn polypropylene filaments. The method involves two estimates of crystallinity by x-ray methods. One is considered to measure the amount of diffraction from the normal crystalline monoclinic lattice and the other the total amount of diffraction from crystalline, “smectic” and noncrystalline material. By separation of these various quantities the amount of “smectic” polypropylene can be deduced. It was found by this technique that the “smectic” content of quenched polypropylene samples decreased from 40°C. onward and approached zero at about 85°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3 (1960), S. 365-365 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Eine Reihe von Polymethylenterephthalat-Polymeren wurde durch Messung ihrer dynamisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften, der kernmagnetischer Resonanz-Spektren, Infrarot-Spektren und der Röntgenbrechung untersucht.Diese Polymeren zeigen drei Übergänge, α, β und γ; α stimmt mit dem Schmelzpunkt überein, β ist deutlich der Glasübergang. Eine Betrachtung der dynamischen Verlustresultate allein läßt vermuten, daß der γ-Übergang mit Bewegungen in dem aliphatischen Teil der Kette und der β-Übergang in irgendeiner Weise mit der Phenylen-Carbonyl-Bindung verbunden ist.Die Resultate der kernmagnetischen Resonanz zeigen, daß der γ-Übergang auf sehr kleine intramolekulare Bewegungen beschränkt ist, während der β-Übergang mit beträchtlichen Bewegungen der Moleküle in den amorphen Teilen verbunden ist.Infrarot-Daten lassen vermuten, daß es eine weitere bevorzugte Konfiguration der —O—CH2—CH2—O—Gruppe in den amorphen Teilen des Polyäthylenterephthalats gibt. Da eine Kristallisation oberhalb vom β-Übergang beginnt, kann man annehmen, daß dieser Übergang mindestens mit dieser Konfigurationsänderung verbunden ist.Eine genaue Röntgen- und optische Untersuchung der einzelnen Kristalle des cyclischen Tris-äthylenterephthalats läßt vermuten, daß sich die Carbonyl-Gruppen in den cyclischen trimeren Molekülen in cis-Stellung zu den Benzolringen befinden. Die Konfigurationsänderungen können also die Phenylen-Carbonyl-Bindung einschließen.Die befriedigendste Erklärung dieser Übergänge ist nach allen Daten, daß der γ-Übergang eine sehr beschränkte Rotation des Glykolrückstandes, der β-Übergang eine beträchtliche Rotation dieses Rückstandes mit sich bringt, die auch Paraphenylen-Bindungen im amorphen Material einschließt.
    Notes: A series of polymethylene terephthalate polymers has been investigated by measurement of dynamic mechanical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, infra-red spectra and X-ray diffraction.These polymers show three transitions, α, β, and γ; α corresponds to the melting point, β is clearly the glass transition. Consideration of dynamic loss results alone suggests that the γ transition is connected with motions in the aliphatic part of the chain and that the β transition is connected in some way with the phenylene carbonyl bond.The NMR results show that the γ transition is restricted to very small intramolecular motions, whereas the β transition is associated with considerable motions of the molecules in the amorphous regions.Infra-red data suggests that an additional preferred configuration of the —O—CH2—CH2—O— group exists in the amorphous regions of polyethylene terephthalate. Since crystallisation sets in above the β transition it is reasonable to imply that this transition is associated with at least this configurational change.Detailed X-ray and optical examination of single crystals of cyclic tris(ethylene terephthalate) suggests that in the cyclic trimer molecules the carbonyl groups are placed in cis positions with respect to the benzene rings. Thus, the configurational changes may also involve the phenylene carbonyl bond.The most satisfactory explanation of these transitions, taking into account all the data, is hat the γ transition involves some very restricted rotation of the glycol residue and the β transition a considerable rotation of this residue, also involving paraphenylene linkages in the amorphous material.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A low-power plasma treatment has been adapted to work on a pilot plant scale to continuously treat a tow of carbon fibres. This treatment successfully increases fibre-resin adhesion to levels comparable if not higher than those obtained by commercial electrochemical treatments. One advantage is that the plasma treatment does not appear to affect the tensile properties of the fibre, unlike the electrochemical oxidation.We have also shown that the chemical groups introduced during air plasma treatment play a significant role in fibre-resin adhesion whereas those introduced by electrochemical oxidation do not. A possible explanation for this is that plasma treatments introduce chemical groups onto the immediate surface of the fibres that have the potential to react with the resin, whereas electrochemical oxidation occurs predominantly at the edge sites and proceeds into the sublayers of the fibre. The vast majority of the functional groups are therefore inaccessible to the resin. This type of plasma treatment, however, is unlikely to remove all of the weakly bound layers as in the case of electrochemical treatment because the sputtering capability of the plasma is very low.The fact that these conclusions can be drawn from both the single-fibre fragmentation test and the short-beam shear test is encouraging and goes to prove that both these tests are suitable for looking at trends in fibre-resin adhesion.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Surface and Interface Analysis 23 (1995), S. 319-327 
    ISSN: 0142-2421
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the effects that a low-power plasma (〈1 W) has on the chemistry, topography and surface energy of polyethylene (PE) film. The gases used for treating the film were air and nitrogen. The plasma cell was attached directly to the preparation chamber of an x-ray photoelectron spectrometer, enabling the immediate effects of the plasma on the chemical nature of the films to be monitored. Significant amounts of chemical functionality were introduced onto the surface using both plasmas even after a few seconds of treatment. Carbon/oxygen functionality dominates surfaces treated with an air plasma. Nitrogen plasma treatment, as expected, introduced amines, imines and amides. Exposing the treated surfaces to air results in oxygen adsorption, the amount of oxygen pick-up being time dependent. This ageing of the treated polymer films is thought to occur via two processes: short-term hydrolysis of the amines and gradual oxidation of the polymer chain itself.The topographical changes were studied using atomic force microscopy, which was performed after the films had been exposed to air. Both plasmas caused the polymer surface to roughen, with nitrogen plasma treatment having a more pronounced effect. The surface energy of the film was increased from 37 dyn cm-1 (untreated) to 47 and 46 dyn cm-1 after 20 s of exposure to air and nitrogen plasmas, respectively. After 1 min of treatment, the polar surface energy component of the film treated with a nitrogen plasma (12 dyn cm-1) was much higher than that treated with an air plasma (7 dyn cm-1). This is supported by the XPS results in that the concentration of chemical groups introduced onto the surface after nitrogen plasma treatment was greater than that for air.The greater changes in polymer surface properties observed for nitrogen plasma treatment were not reflected in the values obtained for the level of polymer/metal adhesion. Only air plasma-treated samples showed significant improvement in the adhesion between polyethylene and aluminium and we conclude that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups plays a major role in this improvement.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1960-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0950-7671
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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