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  • 1
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    Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: The evidence for macroscopic life during the Palaeoproterozoic era (2.5-1.6 Gyr ago) is controversial. Except for the nearly 2-Gyr-old coil-shaped fossil Grypania spiralis, which may have been eukaryotic, evidence for morphological and taxonomic biodiversification of macroorganisms only occurs towards the beginning of the Mesoproterozoic era (1.6-1.0 Gyr). Here we report the discovery of centimetre-sized structures from the 2.1-Gyr-old black shales of the Palaeoproterozoic Francevillian B Formation in Gabon, which we interpret as highly organized and spatially discrete populations of colonial organisms. The structures are up to 12 cm in size and have characteristic shapes, with a simple but distinct ground pattern of flexible sheets and, usually, a permeating radial fabric. Geochemical analyses suggest that the sediments were deposited under an oxygenated water column. Carbon and sulphur isotopic data indicate that the structures were distinct biogenic objects, fossilized by pyritization early in the formation of the rock. The growth patterns deduced from the fossil morphologies suggest that the organisms showed cell-to-cell signalling and coordinated responses, as is commonly associated with multicellular organization. The Gabon fossils, occurring after the 2.45-2.32-Gyr increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, may be seen as ancient representatives of multicellular life, which expanded so rapidly 1.5 Gyr later, in the Cambrian explosion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉El Albani, Abderrazak -- Bengtson, Stefan -- Canfield, Donald E -- Bekker, Andrey -- Macchiarelli, Roberto -- Mazurier, Arnaud -- Hammarlund, Emma U -- Boulvais, Philippe -- Dupuy, Jean-Jacques -- Fontaine, Claude -- Fursich, Franz T -- Gauthier-Lafaye, Francois -- Janvier, Philippe -- Javaux, Emmanuelle -- Ossa, Frantz Ossa -- Pierson-Wickmann, Anne-Catherine -- Riboulleau, Armelle -- Sardini, Paul -- Vachard, Daniel -- Whitehouse, Martin -- Meunier, Alain -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):100-4. doi: 10.1038/nature09166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire HYDRASA, UMR 6269 CNRS-INSU, Universite de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers, France. abder.albani@univ-poitiers.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20596019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/cytology ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/cytology ; *Fossils ; Gabon ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; History, Ancient ; Oxygen/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Phanerozoic trends in the global diversity of marine invertebrates (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: It has previously been thought that there was a steep Cretaceous and Cenozoic radiation of marine invertebrates. This pattern can be replicated with a new data set of fossil occurrences representing 3.5 million specimens, but only when older analytical protocols are used. Moreover, analyses that employ sampling standardization and more robust counting methods show a modest rise in diversity with no clear trend after the mid-Cretaceous. Globally, locally, and at both high and low latitudes, diversity was less than twice as high in the Neogene as in the mid-Paleozoic. The ratio of global to local richness has changed little, and a latitudinal diversity gradient was present in the early Paleozoic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alroy, John -- Aberhan, Martin -- Bottjer, David J -- Foote, Michael -- Fursich, Franz T -- Harries, Peter J -- Hendy, Austin J W -- Holland, Steven M -- Ivany, Linda C -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Kosnik, Matthew A -- Marshall, Charles R -- McGowan, Alistair J -- Miller, Arnold I -- Olszewski, Thomas D -- Patzkowsky, Mark E -- Peters, Shanan E -- Villier, Loic -- Wagner, Peter J -- Bonuso, Nicole -- Borkow, Philip S -- Brenneis, Benjamin -- Clapham, Matthew E -- Fall, Leigh M -- Ferguson, Chad A -- Hanson, Victoria L -- Krug, Andrew Z -- Layou, Karen M -- Leckey, Erin H -- Nurnberg, Sabine -- Powers, Catherine M -- Sessa, Jocelyn A -- Simpson, Carl -- Tomasovych, Adam -- Visaggi, Christy C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):97-100. doi: 10.1126/science.1156963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California-Santa Barbara, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. alroy@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Databases, Factual ; Environment ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/classification ; *Paleontology/methods ; Population Dynamics ; Sampling Studies ; Seawater ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Statistical independence of escalatory ecological trends in Phanerozoic marine invertebrates (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: Ecological interactions, such as predation and bioturbation, are thought to be fundamental determinants of macroevolutionary trends. A data set containing global occurrences of Phanerozoic fossils of benthic marine invertebrates shows escalatory trends in the relative frequency of ecological groups, such as carnivores and noncarnivorous infaunal or mobile organisms. Associations between these trends are either statistically insignificant or interpretable as preservational effects. Thus, there is no evidence that escalation drives macroecological trends at global and million-year time scales. We also find that taxonomic richness and occurrence data are cross-correlated, which justifies the traditional use of one as a proxy of the other.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Madin, Joshua S -- Alroy, John -- Aberhan, Martin -- Fursich, Franz T -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Kosnik, Matthew A -- Wagner, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):897-900.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. madin@nceas.ucsb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Databases, Factual ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Invertebrates/classification/physiology ; Locomotion ; Predatory Behavior ; *Seawater ; Statistics as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Late triassic naticid drillholes: carnivorous gastropods gain a major adaptation but fail to radiate (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-04-06
    Description: Infaunal and reclining bivalves of the Late Triassic Cassian Formation of northern Italy contain drillholes that closely resemble those produced by modern naticid gastropods. The oldest drillholes previously reported are from the late Early Cretaceous; this suggests that the drilling adaptation was lost soon after its appearance in the Late Triassic and originated independently in another naticid clade 120 million years later. The perceived selective value of such an adaptation may thus not always be a good predictor of its long-term survival, which is ultimately governed by factors that affect the speciation and extinction rates of the clade that carries it.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fursich, F T -- Jablonski, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 Apr 6;224(4644):78-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17783528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification (2001)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-15
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Lower-Middle Jurassic facies patterns in the NW Afghan-Tajik Basin of southern Uzbekistan and their geodynamic context (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-08
    Description: Based on 11 sections, the palaeoenvironments and depositional history of the NW Afghan–Tajik Basin in southern Uzbekistan have been reconstructed for the time interval of the Early Jurassic–Early Callovian. The earliest sediments, resting on Palaeozoic basement rocks, date from the Early Jurassic Period. Up to the end of the Early Bajocian time, more than 500 m of non-marine sediments accumulated as a result of extensional tectonics inducing active subsidence. In the Late Bajocian time interval, transgression led to the establishment of siliciclastic ramps that were influenced by storm processes. After a condensed unit in the Middle Bathonian, sedimentation resumed in an outer carbonate ramp–basinal setting as the subsidence rate outpaced the diminished siliciclastic sediment supply. The change from siliciclastic to carbonate sedimentation in the Middle Jurassic Period is thought to be multifactorial, reflecting levelling of relief in the hinterland, the subsidence moving to a thermally more quiet stage and a change from humid to arid climatic conditions. These features are also observed in the area of present-day Iran. Similarly, the timing of the transgression coincides with that in eastern and northern Iran, stressing the regional significance of this event.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 7
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    A MODEL FOR ORGANIC FOSSILIZATION OF THE EARLY CRETACEOUS JEHOL LAGERSTATTE BASED ON THE TAPHONOMY OF "EPHEMEROPSIS TRISETALIS" (2014)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-22
    Description: The taphonomic pathways of " Ephemeropsis trisetalis " nymphs (mayfly larvae) were systematically investigated based on fossils of different preservational types, collected during three high–stratigraphic-resolution (mm to cm) excavations in the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation in the Sihetun area of western Liaoning, China. All fossils studied are fully articulated either in three or two dimensions, which indicates that decay was terminated at a stage before the exoskeleton became disarticulated. We conclude that the Jehol organic skeletons represent at least two general types of preservation produced by pyritization and collapse/compression, respectively. The two-dimensional compressions show no evidence for authigenic minerals, but the three-dimensionally preserved fossils are wholly or partially pyritized. Our study also indicates that aluminosilicate clay and pyrite mineralization are closely associated with fossil " Ephemeropsis trisetalis " nymphs, suggesting that both clay and pyrite played important roles in lacustrine fossil preservations, as in some marine fossil Lagerstätten. We propose a general model for organic tissue fossilization in the Jehol Lagerstätte based on study of taphonomy of " Ephemeropsis trisetalis " nymphs.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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  • 8
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    Costinuculana magharensis n. gen. n. sp. (Bivalvia, Nuculanidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Gebel Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt (2017)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-17
    Description: The nuculanid bivalve Costinuculana magharensis new genus new species is described from the middle to upper Bathonian Kehailia Formation of Gebel Maghara, North Sinai, Egypt. Costinuculana differs from other genera of the family Nuculanidae by the presence of opisthocline ribs along the rostrum. These ribs are variable in shape and size, straight to folded posteriorly, bifurcate ventrally and occasionally postero-dorsally, and cover an area ~ 45% of the total valve length from the posterior end. The life position of C . magharensis n. gen. n. sp. is reconstructed on the basis of a functional interpretation of its morphology and by comparison with closely related Recent forms. The asymmetrical commarginal ribs facilitated the burrowing process. The posterior oblique ribs are asymmetrical in cross-section with a steeply concave side in the burrowing direction and slightly convex side in the opposite direction. They probably kept the bivalve in a stable position once the desired depth had been reached. The thick oblique ribs probably also increased the strength of the rostrum and offered resistance against durophagous predators, being presumably partly exposed above the sediment-water interface. Based on the associated fauna, Costinuculana n. gen. lived in a low-energy environment characterized by a fine-grained, soft substrate.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 9
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    Oxygen deficiency in Lake Sihetun; formation of the Lower Cretaceous Liaoning Fossillagerstatte (China) (2013)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-30
    Description: The redox state of Lake Sihetun, represented by the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (western Liaoning, China), is evaluated to understand the formation of this Konservat-Lagerstätte. Lake evolution is subdivided into four phases, of which Phases 2 and 3 exhibit excellent fossil preservation. Exceptional preservation and mass mortality events within Phase 2 were previously attributed to synsedimentary volcanism and oxygen deficiency. However, the volcanic trigger for mass mortality events remains enigmatic and distinction between anoxia and dysoxia has not been put forward so far. To resolve the redox state of the lake during Phase 2, 5394 diameters of pyrite framboid pseudomorphs in 29 thin sections from three localities have been measured. Framboid size distributions reveal that Lake Sihetun was governed by dysoxic bottom waters with spells of anoxia, recording pronounced environmental stress. Hence, holomictic, eutrophic conditions were episodically replaced by meromictic interludes. Spatial variations in redox state were common and oxic conditions were detected in two of the three studied localities. Concentrated iron sulphide layers resulted from biofilms at the lake floor or the development of microenvironments around organic remains, which preserved highly reactive organic compounds. In contrast, sediments of Phase 3 record oxic conditions and an entirely holomictic lake.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 10
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    FORAMINIFERA AS ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND QUANTITATIVE SALINITY RECONSTRUCTIONS IN THE PEARL RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTHERN CHINA (2015)
    Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-29
    Description: A total of 117 surface sediment samples from sites across the Pearl River Estuary, southern China, were collected to analyze relationships between foraminiferal distributions and environmental parameters such as salinity, depth, substrate, and water energy. A total of 123 species of foraminifera were identified. A Q-mode cluster analysis resulted in five clusters (relative abundance ≥5%), which each corresponded to a particular species association, reflecting different sub-environments: (A) the Ammonia tepida–Elphidium excavatum association, found in distributary channels and river mouths of the estuary, with low salinity, shallow water, strong currents, and comparatively coarse sediments; (B) the Ammobaculites formosensis–Cavarotalia annectens association, found in brackish waters near Lantau Island and southeastern Lingding Bay, characterizing turbid brackish-water conditions and sediment consisting of a mixture of sand-clay-silt; (C) the Haplophragmoides canariensis–Ammobaculites agglutinans var. association, found in the artificial harbor near Macao and greatly affected by human activities; (D) the Ammonia beccarii var. –Cavarotalia annectens association, mainly found in the deep channels of two bays and representing euryhaline conditions; and (E) the Ammonia tepida–Elphidium advenum association, mainly found at depths 〉10 m, higher salinity, low energy, and fine-grained substrate, indicating relatively stable conditions. Agglutinated foraminiferal taxa are better indicators than calcareous taxa of littoral zone environments with a mixture of sand-clay-silt substrate. Benthic foraminiferal distributions in the surface sediments were strongly influenced by salinity. Consequently, a salinity transfer function was developed using weighted-averaging partial least-squares regression. The transfer function was tested on a sediment core collected near the Modaomen distributary, with the goal to reconstruct the palaeosalinity from ~10,100 to ~5960 cal yr BP, an interval with sufficient foraminiferal tests for analysis. At ~10,100 cal yr BP, marine waters flooded the Da’ao plain. Then, a semi-enclosed estuarine environment developed and persisted until ~5960 cal yr BP. Salinity at the core site increased gradually during the early Holocene (from ~10,100 to ~8200 cal yr BP), although a short-term decrease can be recognized. The peak salinity occurred between ~8520 and 8200 cal yr BP, when brackish-marine taxa reached their highest abundances. The core site experienced declining salinity from ~8200 cal yr BP onwards as a result of strong river discharge and a decrease of marine water influence at the core site.
    Print ISSN: 0096-1191
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research
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