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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-09-04
    Description: The ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction module that controls cellular growth, differentiation and survival. Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by the binding of growth factors initiates GTP loading of RAS, which triggers the initial steps in the activation of the ERK pathway by modulating RAF family kinase function. Once activated, RAF participates in a sequential cascade of phosphorylation events that activate MEK, and in turn ERK. Unbridled signalling through the ERK pathway caused by activating mutations in RTKs, RAS or RAF has been linked to several human cancers. Of note, one member of the RAF family, BRAF, is the most frequently mutated oncogene in the kinase superfamily. Not surprisingly, there has been a colossal effort to understand the underlying regulation of this family of kinases. In particular, the process by which the RAF kinase domain becomes activated towards its substrate MEK remains of topical interest. Here, using Drosophila Schneider S2 cells, we demonstrate that RAF catalytic function is regulated in response to a specific mode of dimerization of its kinase domain, which we term the side-to-side dimer. Moreover, we find that the RAF-related pseudo-kinase KSR (kinase suppressor of Ras) also participates in forming side-to-side heterodimers with RAF and can thereby trigger RAF activation. This mechanism provides an elegant explanation for the longstanding conundrum about RAF catalytic activation, and also provides an explanation for the capacity of KSR, despite lacking catalytic function, to directly mediate RAF activation. We also show that RAF side-to-side dimer formation is essential for aberrant signalling by oncogenic BRAF mutants, and identify an oncogenic mutation that acts specifically by promoting side-to-side dimerization. Together, our data identify the side-to-side dimer interface of RAF as a potential therapeutic target for intervention in BRAF-dependent tumorigenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rajakulendran, Thanashan -- Sahmi, Malha -- Lefrancois, Martin -- Sicheri, Frank -- Therrien, Marc -- England -- Nature. 2009 Sep 24;461(7263):542-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08314. Epub 2009 Sep 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19727074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; Biocatalysis ; Cell Line ; Drosophila Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*enzymology ; Enzyme Activation ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Multimerization ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose a potent threat to genome integrity. These lesions also contribute to the efficacy of radiotherapy and many cancer chemotherapeutics. DSBs elicit a signalling cascade that modifies the chromatin surrounding the break, first by ATM-dependent phosphorylation and then by RNF8-, RNF168- and BRCA1-dependent regulatory ubiquitination. Here we report that OTUB1, a deubiquitinating enzyme, is an inhibitor of DSB-induced chromatin ubiquitination. Surprisingly, we found that OTUB1 suppresses RNF168-dependent poly-ubiquitination independently of its catalytic activity. OTUB1 does so by binding to and inhibiting UBC13 (also known as UBE2N), the cognate E2 enzyme for RNF168. This unusual mode of regulation is unlikely to be limited to UBC13 because analysis of OTUB1-associated proteins revealed that OTUB1 binds to E2s of the UBE2D and UBE2E subfamilies. Finally, OTUB1 depletion mitigates the DSB repair defect associated with defective ATM signalling, indicating that pharmacological targeting of the OTUB1-UBC13 interaction might enhance the DNA damage response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakada, Shinichiro -- Tai, Ikue -- Panier, Stephanie -- Al-Hakim, Abdallah -- Iemura, Shun-Ichiro -- Juang, Yu-Chi -- O'Donnell, Lara -- Kumakubo, Ayako -- Munro, Meagan -- Sicheri, Frank -- Gingras, Anne-Claude -- Natsume, Tohru -- Suda, Toshio -- Durocher, Daniel -- MOP10703115/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP84314/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 19;466(7309):941-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09297.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Integrated Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. snakada@z3.keio.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20725033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair/physiology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Humans ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/metabolism ; Ubiquitination/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: The ubiquitin system regulates virtually all aspects of cellular function. We report a method to target the myriad enzymes that govern ubiquitination of protein substrates. We used massively diverse combinatorial libraries of ubiquitin variants to develop inhibitors of four deubiquitinases (DUBs) and analyzed the DUB-inhibitor complexes with crystallography. We extended the selection strategy to the ubiquitin conjugating (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes and found that ubiquitin variants can also enhance enzyme activity. Last, we showed that ubiquitin variants can bind selectively to ubiquitin-binding domains. Ubiquitin variants exhibit selective function in cells and thus enable orthogonal modulation of specific enzymatic steps in the ubiquitin system.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815447/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3815447/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ernst, Andreas -- Avvakumov, George -- Tong, Jiefei -- Fan, Yihui -- Zhao, Yanling -- Alberts, Philipp -- Persaud, Avinash -- Walker, John R -- Neculai, Ana-Mirela -- Neculai, Dante -- Vorobyov, Andrew -- Garg, Pankaj -- Beatty, Linda -- Chan, Pak-Kei -- Juang, Yu-Chi -- Landry, Marie-Claude -- Yeh, Christina -- Zeqiraj, Elton -- Karamboulas, Konstantina -- Allali-Hassani, Abdellah -- Vedadi, Masoud -- Tyers, Mike -- Moffat, Jason -- Sicheri, Frank -- Pelletier, Laurence -- Durocher, Daniel -- Raught, Brian -- Rotin, Daniela -- Yang, Jianhua -- Moran, Michael F -- Dhe-Paganon, Sirano -- Sidhu, Sachdev S -- 092076/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 092381/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 1R01NS072420-01/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP-102536/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP-111149/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP-13494/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP-57795/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- R01 NS072420/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 1;339(6119):590-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1230161. Epub 2013 Jan 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; *Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; Conserved Sequence ; Drug Design ; Endopeptidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protease Inhibitors/chemistry/*isolation & purification/pharmacology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Small Molecule Libraries ; Ubiquitin/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes/chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/chemistry/metabolism ; Ubiquitination/*drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-06-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tyers, Mike -- Brown, Eric -- Andrews, David W -- Bergeron, John J M -- Boone, Charles -- Bremner, Roderick -- Bussey, Howard A -- Cross, James C -- Davies, Julian E -- Desjardins, Michel -- Dick, John E -- Dumont, Daniel J -- Durocher, Daniel -- Ellison, Michael J -- Golding, G Brian -- Gray, Michael W -- Harrington, Lea A -- Hieter, Philip A -- Johnston, Gerald -- Kelvin, David J -- McCarry, Brian E -- Michnick, Stephen W -- Ouellette, Francis -- Pearlman, Ron E -- Penn, Linda J Z -- Pelletier, Jerry -- Rachubinski, Richard A -- Rennie, Paul S -- Rotin, Daniela -- Rottapel, Robert -- Sadowski, Ivan -- Sicheri, Frank -- Siminovitch, Lou -- Sonenberg, Nahum -- Siu, K W Michael -- Tremblay, Michel L -- Winegarden, Neil -- Wozniak, Richard W -- Wright, Gerard D -- Woodgett, James R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 24;308(5730):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15976286" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; Financing, Government ; Genome ; *Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-06-14
    Description: 53BP1 (also called TP53BP1) is a chromatin-associated factor that promotes immunoglobulin class switching and DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair by non-homologous end joining. To accomplish its function in DNA repair, 53BP1 accumulates at DSB sites downstream of the RNF168 ubiquitin ligase. How ubiquitin recruits 53BP1 to break sites remains unknown as its relocalization involves recognition of histone H4 Lys 20 (H4K20) methylation by its Tudor domain. Here we elucidate how vertebrate 53BP1 is recruited to the chromatin that flanks DSB sites. We show that 53BP1 recognizes mononucleosomes containing dimethylated H4K20 (H4K20me2) and H2A ubiquitinated on Lys 15 (H2AK15ub), the latter being a product of RNF168 action on chromatin. 53BP1 binds to nucleosomes minimally as a dimer using its previously characterized methyl-lysine-binding Tudor domain and a carboxy-terminal extension, termed the ubiquitination-dependent recruitment (UDR) motif, which interacts with the epitope formed by H2AK15ub and its surrounding residues on the H2A tail. 53BP1 is therefore a bivalent histone modification reader that recognizes a histone 'code' produced by DSB signalling.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955401/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955401/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fradet-Turcotte, Amelie -- Canny, Marella D -- Escribano-Diaz, Cristina -- Orthwein, Alexandre -- Leung, Charles C Y -- Huang, Hao -- Landry, Marie-Claude -- Kitevski-LeBlanc, Julianne -- Noordermeer, Sylvie M -- Sicheri, Frank -- Durocher, Daniel -- 84297-1/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- 84297-2/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP84297/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jul 4;499(7456):50-4. doi: 10.1038/nature12318. Epub 2013 Jun 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23760478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/deficiency/genetics ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *DNA Damage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/genetics ; Female ; Histones/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Schizosaccharomyces ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitin/*metabolism ; *Ubiquitination
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2013-05-28
    Description: A complex interaction of signalling events, including the Wnt pathway, regulates sprouting of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature during angiogenesis. Here we show that two distinct mutations in the (uro)chordate-specific gumby (also called Fam105b) gene cause an embryonic angiogenic phenotype in gumby mice. Gumby interacts with disheveled 2 (DVL2), is expressed in canonical Wnt-responsive endothelial cells and encodes an ovarian tumour domain class of deubiquitinase that specifically cleaves linear ubiquitin linkages. A crystal structure of gumby in complex with linear diubiquitin reveals how the identified mutations adversely affect substrate binding and catalytic function in line with the severity of their angiogenic phenotypes. Gumby interacts with HOIP (also called RNF31), a key component of the linear ubiquitin assembly complex, and decreases linear ubiquitination and activation of NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. This work provides support for the biological importance of linear (de)ubiquitination in angiogenesis, craniofacial and neural development and in modulating Wnt signalling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rivkin, Elena -- Almeida, Stephanie M -- Ceccarelli, Derek F -- Juang, Yu-Chi -- MacLean, Teresa A -- Srikumar, Tharan -- Huang, Hao -- Dunham, Wade H -- Fukumura, Ryutaro -- Xie, Gang -- Gondo, Yoichi -- Raught, Brian -- Gingras, Anne-Claude -- Sicheri, Frank -- Cordes, Sabine P -- IHO 94384/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP 111199/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP 97966/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- MOP119289/Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jun 20;498(7454):318-24. doi: 10.1038/nature12296. Epub 2013 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23708998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Embryo, Mammalian/blood supply/embryology/metabolism ; Endopeptidases/*chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics ; Phenotype ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Ubiquitin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/metabolism ; *Ubiquitination ; Wnt Signaling Pathway
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 375 (1995), S. 427-431 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Winter flounder antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are members of the a-helical class of AFPs (Fig. \o). The crystal structure of the HPLC6 isoform was determined at 4 °C and -180°C by molecular replacement using an idealized helix as a search model (methods and ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 52 (1996), S. 486-498 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The X-ray crystal structure of a lone α-helical antifreeze protein from winter flounder has been determined to 1.5 Å using a combination of molecular-replacement and isomorphous-replacement techniques. Molecular replacement involved a multiparameter search using X-PLOR with two 37-mers of alanine in idealized α-helical conformations as the search models. Identified were a large number of potential solutions from which the correct solution was not distinguishable. Commitment of the top 1620 solutions to cycles of rigid-body, positional and simulated-annealing refinement identified the correct solution by a small margin in R factor. Low-resolution electron-density maps generated with phasing information from TbNO3 and LaNO3 derivatives were consistent with the top molecular-replacement solution. These derivatives also provided a means to filter and compare the large number of other molecular-replacement solutions with reasonable R factor statistics. The structure-solution strategy described herein may prove useful for the determination of other relatively simple α-helical X-ray structures.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 47 (1991), S. 2479-2482 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 48 (1992), S. 747-749 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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