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  • 1
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    Effects of experimentally added salmon subsidies on resident fishes via direct and indirect pathways (2016)
    Wiley
    In: Ecosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-26
    Description: Artificial additions of nutrients of differing forms such as salmon carcasses and analog pellets (i.e. pasteurized fishmeal) have been proposed as a means of stimulating aquatic productivity and enhancing populations of anadromous and resident fishes. Nutrient mitigation to enhance fish production in stream ecosystems assumes that the central pathway by which effects occur is bottom-up, through aquatic primary and secondary production, with little consideration of reciprocal aquatic-terrestrial pathways. The net outcome (i.e. bottom-up vs. top-down) of adding salmon-derived materials to streams depend on whether or not these subsidies indirectly intensify predation on in situ prey via increases in a shared predator or alleviate such predation pressure. We conducted a 3-year experiment across nine tributaries of the N. Fork Boise River, Idaho, USA, consisting of 500-m stream reaches treated with salmon carcasses (n = 3), salmon carcass analog (n = 3), and untreated control reaches (n = 3). We observed 2–8 fold increases in streambed biofilms in the 2–6 weeks following additions of both salmon subsidy treatments in years 1 and 2 and a 1.5-fold increase in standing crop biomass of aquatic invertebrates to carcass additions in the second year of our experiment. The consumption of benthic invertebrates by stream fishes increased 110–140% and 44–66% in carcass and analog streams in the same time frame, which may have masked invertebrate standing crop responses in years 3 and 4. Resident trout directly consumed 10.0–24.0 g·m −2 ·yr −1 of salmon carcass and 〈1–11.0 g·m −2 ·yr −1 of analog material, which resulted in 1.2–2.9 g·m −2 ·yr −1 and 0.03–1.4 g·m −2 ·yr −1 of tissue produced. In addition, a feedback flux of terrestrial maggots to streams contributed 0.0–2.0 g·m −2 ·yr −1 to trout production. Overall, treatments increased annual trout production by 2–3 fold, though density and biomass were unaffected. Our results indicate the strength of bottom-up and top-down responses to subsidy additions was asymmetrical, with top-down forces masking bottom-up effects that required multiple years to manifest. The findings also highlight the need for nutrient mitigation programs to consider multiple pathways of energy and nutrient flow to account for the complex effects of salmon subsidies in stream-riparian ecosystems.
    Electronic ISSN: 2150-8925
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Ecological Society of America (ESA).
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  • 2
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    Phosphoinositide 3-kinase enables phagocytosis of large particles by terminating actin assembly through Rac/Cdc42 GTPase-activating proteins (2015)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-16
    Description: Article Phagocytosis of large (but not small) particles requires PI 3-kinase activity. Here, Schlam et al . show that Rho GTPase-activating proteins are recruited to the phagocytic cup by products of PI 3-kinase, resulting in the local inactivation of Rac and Cdc42 and allowing for the completion of internalization of large particles. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms9623 Authors: Daniel Schlam, Richard D. Bagshaw, Spencer A. Freeman, Richard F. Collins, Tony Pawson, Gregory D. Fairn, Sergio Grinstein
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 3
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    A 400-year isotopic record of seabird response to eastern tropical Pacific productivity (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Seabirds play an important role in coastal environments, serving as key indicators of marine ecosystem variability as well as biovectors that influence terrestrial productivity and carbon storage. Long-term estimates of seabird populations remain rare, but lakes that support large seabird populations in their watersheds can archive a history of seabird activity in their sediment records. Here we present a seabird guano-influenced sediment record from Genovesa Crater Lake, Galápagos Islands, home to the world's largest reported colony of red-footed boobies ( Sula sula ) and smaller populations of other species. Influx of seabird guano into Genovesa Crater Lake produces high sedimentary δ 15 N values, and temporal variability in sediment δ 15 N primarily reflects changes in guano influx through time. Two abrupt increases in sedimentary δ 15 N occurred at 1835 AD and 1965 AD, and variance increased following the 1965 AD shift. The largest of these abrupt shifts at 1835 AD coincided, within age model error, with an abrupt increase in marine productivity indicators in sediment records off the coast of Perú and Chile. In the latter part of the twentieth century, δ 15 N values increased during periods of higher landings of Peruvian anchoveta and sardines. We hypothesise that seabird presence and activity on Genovesa increased during periods of higher regional marine productivity. Enhanced variance in Genovesa δ 15 N following the 1965 AD shift may reflect a modern population more susceptible to climate and environmental variability than at any other time in the last 400 years.
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-4049
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers).
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  • 4
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    Liverpool Telescope follow-up of candidate electromagnetic counterparts during the first run of Advanced LIGO (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: The first direct detection of gravitational waves was made in 2015 September with the Advanced LIGO detectors. By prior arrangement, a worldwide collaboration of electromagnetic follow-up observers were notified of candidate gravitational wave events during the first science run, and many facilities were engaged in the search for counterparts. Three alerts were issued to the electromagnetic collaboration over the course of the first science run, which lasted from 2015 September to 2016 January. Two of these alerts were associated with the gravitational wave events since named GW150914 and GW151226. In this paper we provide an overview of the Liverpool Telescope contribution to the follow-up campaign over this period. Given the hundreds of square degree uncertainty in the sky position of any gravitational wave event, efficient searching for candidate counterparts required survey telescopes with large (~degrees) fields of view. The role of the Liverpool Telescope was to provide follow-up classification spectroscopy of any candidates. We followed candidates associated with all three alerts, observing 1, 9 and 17 candidates respectively. We classify the majority of the transients we observed as supernovae. No counterparts were identified, which is in line with expectations given that the events were classified as black hole–black hole mergers. However these searches laid the foundation for similar follow-up campaigns in future gravitational wave detector science runs, in which the detection of neutron star merger events with observable electromagnetic counterparts is much more likely.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Phox homology band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin-like proteins function as molecular scaffolds that interact with cargo receptors and Ras GTPases [Biochemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-11
    Description: Following endocytosis, the fates of receptors, channels, and other transmembrane proteins are decided via specific endosomal sorting pathways, including recycling to the cell surface for continued activity. Two distinct phox-homology (PX)-domain-containing proteins, sorting nexin (SNX) 17 and SNX27, are critical regulators of recycling from endosomes to the cell surface. In this study we demonstrate that SNX17, SNX27, and SNX31 all possess a novel 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM)-like domain. SNX17 has been shown to bind to Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr (NPxY) sequences in the cytoplasmic tails of cargo such as LDL receptors and the amyloid precursor protein, and we find that both SNX17 and SNX27 display similar affinities for NPxY sorting motifs, suggesting conserved functions in endosomal recycling. Furthermore, we show for the first time that all three proteins are able to bind the Ras GTPase through their FERM-like domains. These interactions place the PX-FERM-like proteins at a hub of endosomal sorting and signaling processes. Studies of the SNX17 PX domain coupled with cellular localization experiments reveal the mechanistic basis for endosomal localization of the PX-FERM-like proteins, and structures of SNX17 and SNX27 determined by small angle X-ray scattering show that they adopt non-self-assembling, modular structures in solution. In summary, this work defines a novel family of proteins that participate in a network of interactions that will impact on both endosomal protein trafficking and compartment specific Ras signaling cascades.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Accretion in action: phase space coherence of stellar debris and globular clusters in Andromeda's South-West Cloud (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: A central tenet of the current cosmological paradigm is that galaxies grow over time through the accretion of smaller systems. Here, we present new kinematic measurements near the centre of one of the densest pronounced substructures, the South-West Cloud, in the outer halo of our nearest giant neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy. These observations reveal that the kinematic properties of this region of the South-West Cloud are consistent with those of PA-8, a globular cluster previously shown to be co-spatial with the stellar substructure. In this sense, the situation is reminiscent of the handful of globular clusters that sit near the heart of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, a system that is currently being accreted into the Milky Way, confirming that accretion deposits not only stars but also globular clusters into the haloes of large galaxies.
    Print ISSN: 1745-3925
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-3933
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Redox-linked effects of green tea on DNA damage and repair, and influence of microsatellite polymorphism in HMOX-1: results of a human intervention trial (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: Green tea has many reported health benefits, including genoprotective and antioxidant effects, but green tea has pro-oxidant activity in vitro . A tea-induced pro-oxidant shift that triggers cytoprotective adaptations has been postulated, but human data are lacking. We investigated effects on oxidation-induced DNA damage and redox-linked cytoprotective factors, including 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (hOGG1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) in lymphocytes in a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over supplementation trial. hOGG1 catalyses the first step in base excision repair; increased HMOX-1 is a sign of cytoprotective response to pro-oxidant change. The influence of microsatellite polymorphisms in the HMOX-1 promoter region was also explored. Higher numbers of GT repeats [GT( n )] in this region reportedly diminish response to pro-oxidant change. Green tea [2 x 150ml of 1% w/v tea/day (or water as control)] was taken for 12 weeks by 43 Type 2 diabetes subjects {20 with short [S/S; GT( n ) 〈 25] and 23 with long [L/L; GT( n ) ≥ 25]}. Fasting venous blood was collected before and after each treatment. The formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase-assisted comet assay was used to measure DNA damage in lymphocytes. For measuring hOGG1 activity, we used photo-damaged HeLa cells incubated with lymphocyte extracts from test subjects, in combination with the comet assay. Lymphocyte HMOX-1 and hOGG1 protein concentrations and expression (mRNA) of redox-sensitive genes, including HMOX-1 and hOGG1 , were also investigated. Results showed significantly ( P 〈 0.01) lower (~15%) DNA damage, higher (~50%) hOGG1 activity and higher (~40%) HMOX-1 protein concentration after tea. No changes in mRNA expression were seen. Baseline HMOX-1 protein and hOGG1 activity were higher ( P 〈 0.05) in the S/S group, but tea-associated responses were similar in both GT( n ) groups. Green tea is clearly associated with lowered DNA damage, increased hOGG1 activity and higher HMOX-1 protein levels. Further study is needed to confirm a cause and effect relationship and to establish if these effects are mediated by post-translational changes in proteins or by increased gene expression.
    Print ISSN: 0267-8357
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3804
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involve a direct interaction of glucocorticoid receptors with ERK1/2-MSK1-Elk-1 signaling [Neuroscience] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Stressful events are known to have a long-term impact on future behavioral stress responses. Previous studies suggested that both glucocorticoid hormones and glutamate acting via glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, respectively, are of critical importance for the consolidation of these long-lasting behavioral responses at the dentate gyrus, the gateway of the hippocampal formation. We found that an acute psychologically stressful event resulted in ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2), which within 15 min led to the activation of the nuclear kinases MSK1 and Elk-1 in granule neurons of the dentate gyrus. Next, MSK1 and Elk-1 activation evoked serine-10 phosphorylation and lysine-14 acetylation in histone H3, resulting in the induction of the neuroplasticity-associated immediate-early genes c-Fos and Egr-1 in these neurons. The pERK1/2-mediated activation of MSK1 and Elk-1 required a rapid protein–protein interaction between pERK1/2 and activated GRs. This is a unique nongenomic mechanism of glucocorticoid hormone action in dentate gyrus granule neurons on long-lasting behavioral responses to stress involving direct cross-talk of GRs with ERK1/2–MSK1–Elk-1 signaling to the nucleus.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    In the crossfire: Collins on genomes, patents, and 'rivalry'. Interview by Eliot Marshall, Elizabeth Pennisi, and Leslie Roberts (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2396-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology ; Computational Biology ; Contracts ; Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Ethics ; Federal Government ; Genetic Therapy ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Publishing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Beta-secretase cleavage of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein by the transmembrane aspartic protease BACE (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-10-26
    Description: Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease. Abeta generation depends on proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by two unknown proteases: beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. These proteases are prime therapeutic targets. A transmembrane aspartic protease with all the known characteristics of beta-secretase was cloned and characterized. Overexpression of this protease, termed BACE (for beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme) increased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and these were cleaved exactly and only at known beta-secretase positions. Antisense inhibition of endogenous BACE messenger RNA decreased the amount of beta-secretase cleavage products, and purified BACE protein cleaved APP-derived substrates with the same sequence specificity as beta-secretase. Finally, the expression pattern and subcellular localization of BACE were consistent with that expected for beta-secretase. Future development of BACE inhibitors may prove beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vassar, R -- Bennett, B D -- Babu-Khan, S -- Kahn, S -- Mendiaz, E A -- Denis, P -- Teplow, D B -- Ross, S -- Amarante, P -- Loeloff, R -- Luo, Y -- Fisher, S -- Fuller, J -- Edenson, S -- Lile, J -- Jarosinski, M A -- Biere, A L -- Curran, E -- Burgess, T -- Louis, J C -- Collins, F -- Treanor, J -- Rogers, G -- Citron, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Oct 22;286(5440):735-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, M/S 29-2-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10531052" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/*enzymology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*biosynthesis ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Brain/enzymology/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Endopeptidases ; Endosomes/enzymology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Library ; Golgi Apparatus/enzymology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Peptides/metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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