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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure determination of lithium chloroacetate, lithium bromoacetate and lithium iodoacetate by powder diffraction (1999)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5740
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Most halogenoacetates of alkali salts readily undergo a thermally induced polymerization reaction to poly-(hydroxyacetic acid) in the solid state. The lithium salts represent a remarkable exception. The crystal structures of lithium chloroacetate, lithium bromoacetate and lithium iodoacetate were determined ab initio from synchrotron powder diffraction data. The three compounds are isostructural and differ considerably from the structures of sodium chloroacetate and silver chloroacetate, two compounds that undergo polymerization. Most likely, the strong polarizing effect of the small lithium cation is responsible for the unfavorable crystal structure in which each lithium cation is coordinated to four O atoms from four different halogenoacetate molecules. Lithium chloroacetate: a = 9.3882 (9), b = 4.8452 (4), c = 9.0119 (7) Å, β = 94.330 (5)°; lithium bromoacetate: a = 9.7165 (11), b = 4.8610 (6), c = 9.0228 (11) Å, β = 93.946 (5)°; lithium iodoacetate: a = 10.1812 (10), b = 4.8922 (8), c = 9.0468 (10) Å, β = 93.251 (5)°, all crystallizing in space group P21/c with Z = 4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108768199003614
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The dehydration of lithium sulphate monohydrate investigated with DSC, TG and temperature-resolved X-ray diffractometry - a comparison between three methods
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Ionics 63-65 (1993), S. 307-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0167-2738
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0167-2738(93)90121-I
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of a Bone-Like Apatite onto Cholesterol from Aqueous Solutions (2003)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 240-242 (May 2003), p. 529-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/46/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.240-242.529.pdf
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermochemical analysis of solvate complexes of silver dimesylaminide
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Thermochimica Acta 151 (1989), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0040-6031
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0040-6031(89)85346-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature-resolved X-ray diffractometry as a thermoanalytical method (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 38 (1992), S. 619-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: caffeine hydrate ; solid state reaction kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Entwicklung und Aufbau der Zeit- und Temperaturaufgelösten Röntgenpulverdiffractometrie werden beschrieben. Die Methode ermöglicht weit tiefere Einblicke in das Reaktionsgeschehen bei Reaktionen fester Stoffe als die üblichen thermoanalitischen Methoden wie Dynamische Differenz-Kalorimetrie (DDK/DSC) und Thermogravimetrie. Als Beispiel wurde die Dehydration von Coffeinhydrat untersucht. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß zu Beginn der Reaktion offenbar Keimbildungsvorgänge Geschwindigkeitsbestimmend sind, während bei höheren Umsatzgraden zunehmend Diffusionshemmung eintritt.
    Notes: Abstract Development and experimental setup of the time-, and temperature -resolved X-ray powder diffractometry are described. This method allows far deeper insight into solid state reactions than conventional thermoanalytical methods like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or thermogravimetry. As an example, the dehydration of caffeine hydrate was investigated. We found that in earlier stages the reaction is nucleation controlled, whereas for higher extent of reaction diffusion limitation becomes rate-controlling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01979389
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of Solid Benzophenones with Sodium Borohydride (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: benzophenone ; reaction kinetics ; reduction reactions ; solid-state reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The solvent-free reduction of benzophenone and five substituted benzophenones with sodium borohydride to the corresponding alcohols was studied by thermal analysis, X-ray powder diffractometry, NMR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In most cases, the reaction occurs via liquid eutectic phases that are formed between the benzophenone and the resulting benzohydrol. Nevertheless, this reaction can be carried out without the need for a solvent, leading to pure alcohol without side products. In some cases, heating may be necessary to achieve a reasonably short reaction time. In conclusion, this reaction type appears to be feasible as a preparative organic reaction that avoids a solvent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010126626572
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Single Crystal Study of a Solid-state Polymerization Reaction (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 57 (1999), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: diffractrometry ; polymerization ; single crystals ; solid-state reactions ; topochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Halogenoacetates are known to undergo a solid-state elimination reaction to metal halide and poly(hydroxyacetic acid), polyglycolide. Earlier studies have shown that the reaction takes place exclusively in the solid-state without the occurrence of liquid intermediates. Single crystals of sodium chloroacetate and silver chloroacetate were reacted and studied with X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermomicroscopy. The results show that the reaction leads from single crystals to a composite of polyglycolide and metal halide. Neither the salt nor the polymer exhibit a preferred crystallographic orientation, therefore it must be concluded that the crystal lattice is not preserved during the reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010174214995
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An in situ IR-spectroscopic study of the solid-state formation reaction of polyglycolide (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 331-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: in situ IR-spectroscopy ; solid-state polymerization ; thermal elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal elimination of NaCl from sodium chloroacetate, a polymerization reaction that takes place between 150 and 200
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01983973
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of froth stability and wettability on the flotation of a xerographic toner (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 1264-1272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Deinking ; flotation ; wettability ; froth stability ; cooperative adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The Separation of ink and pulp fibers in recycled paper is primarily achieved by flotation methods. Xerographic toners from photocopiers and laser printers are known to cause problems in flotation deinking. Wettability and froth stability are two important factors which determine the floatability of xerographic toners. The floatability is investigated for a selected toner using a cationic, a nonionic, and an anionic surfactant. At low surfactant concentrations the froth is too unstable to support flotation, whereas at high surfactant concentrations the toner is rendered hydrophilic by adsorbed surfactant molecules and does not stick to air bubbles. Consequently, a maximum in flotation response is found at an intermediate surfactant concentration near the critical micelle concentration. Cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants all adsorb with their hydrocarbon tails on the toner surface. By choosing appropriate froth-stabilizing additives it is possible to enhance the flotation performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657780
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beitrag zur Konstitution von Hydraten des Chrom(III)-fluoridsProfessor Helmut Behrens zum 65. Geburtstage gewidmet (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 464 (1980), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Constitution of Hydrates of Chrom(III) FluoridesThe compound [Cr(H2O)6]F3 crystallizes hexagonal-rhombohedral: a = 1069.4 pm, c = 561.2 pm (Z = 3). On account of the values of the lattice constants it can be assumed, that the structure is very related to the just known structure of [Cr(H2O)6]F3 · 3 H2O. This can explain the reversible transformation of the two hydrates into each other under water. From the IR spectra follow strong hydrogen bonds in the 9- and 6-hydrate. Both hydrates give the reflectance spectra of the [Cr(H2O)6]3+ complex.CrF3 · 3 H2O crystallizes with a = 938.7 pm and c = 943,9 pm hexagonal-rhombohedral (Z =6). The electron spectrum taken at 70 K excludes a constitution [Cr(H2O)6] · [CrF6] and is interpreted as [CrF3(H2O)3]. In this compound also hydrogen bonds are effective. The values of the molvolumina of water in the 9-, 6- and 3-hydrate are very different.
    Notes: [Cr(H2O)6]F3 kristallisiert hexagonal-rhomboedrisch: a = 10,694 pm, c = 561,2 pm (Z = 3). Aus der Größe der Gitterkonstanten kann man auf eine enge Verwandtschaft zwischen der. Struktur des 6-Hydrats und der bekannten Struktur des 9-Hydrats schließen. Damit kann auch die leichte Umwandlung der beiden Hydrate ineinander unter Wasser erklärt werden. Aus den IR-Spektren folgt, daß im 9- und 6-Hydrat starke H-Brückenbindungen vorliegen. Beide Hydrate geben das für den [Cr(H2O)6]3+-Komplex charakteristische Elektronenspektrum.CrF3 · 3 H2O kristallisiert mit a = 938,7 pm und c = 943,9 pm hexagonal-rhomboedrisch (Z = 6). Ein bei 80 K. aufgenommenes Elektronenspektrum schließt eine Konstitution nach [Cr(H2O)6] · [CrF6] aus und spricht für die Formulierung [CrF3(H2O)3]. Auch in dieser Verbindung sind noch H-Brücken wirksam.Die Werte für die Molvolumina des Wassers im 9-, 6- und 3-Hydrat sind sehr verschieden.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19804640108
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