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Effects of water stress on oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios in two species of cotton plants (1990)

YAKIR, D. ; DeNIRO, M. J. ; EPHRATH, J. E.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 13 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. Two cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. SJ-2 and Gossypium barbadence cv. S-5) were grown under irrigated (wet) and non-irrigated (dry) conditions in the same field. Leaf water was enriched in 18O and deuterium in the dry treatment relative to the wet treatment for both species. Only in plants of S-5 was a similar enrichment observed in leaf cellulose. In both species, the isotopic composition of leaf cellulose must reflect the isotopic composition of the actual water pool involved in cellulose synthesis. Therefore, our observations indicate that one species (SJ-2) can maintain a relative isolation of this water pool from direct evapotranspirational effects. Such plant species will more faithfully record, in the isotopic composition of organic matter, the isotopic composition of ground water. In contrast, the isotopic composition of organic matter in plants such as S-5 could be used as an integrated signal reflecting humidity conditions during growth. Water use efficiency, based on seed-cotton yield and total water applied, correlated linearly with differences in carbon isotopic ratios between species in both the wet and dry treatments and between treatments in each species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01985.x

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Water use efficiency and uptake patterns in a runoff agroforestry system in an arid environment (2000)

Droppelmann, K. J. ; Lehmann, J. ; Ephrath, J. E. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 49 (2000), S. 223-243

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: Acacia saligna ; complementarity ; cowpea ; intercroppig ; resource capture ; sorphum

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Water is the most limiting factor for plant production in arid to semiarid regions. In order to overcome this limitation surface runoff water can be used to supplement seasonal rainfall. During 1996 we conducted a runoff irrigated agroforestry field trial in the Turkana district of Northern Kenya. The effects of two different Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. tree planting densities (2500 and 833 trees per ha), tree pruning (no pruning vs. pruning) and annual intercrops (no intercrop vs. intercrop: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench during the first season and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during the second season) on water use were investigated. The annual crops were also grown as monocrops. Water consumption ranged from 585 to 840 mm during the first season (only treatments including trees). During the second season, which was shorter and the plants relied solely on stored water in the soil profile, water consumption was less than half of that during the first season. Highest water consumptions were found for non-pruned trees at high density and the lowest were found for the annual crops grown as monocrops. Tree pruning decreased water uptake compared to non-pruned trees but soil moisture depletion pattern showed complementarity in water uptake between pruned trees and annual intercrops. The highest values of water use efficiency for an individual treatment were achieved when the pruned trees at high density were intercropped with sorghum (1.59 kg m−3) and cowpea (1.21 kg m−3). Intercropping and high tree density increased water use efficiency in our runoff agroforestry trial. We ascribe the observed improvement in water use efficiency to the reduction of unproductive water loss from the bare soil.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006352623333

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Calibration of minirhizotron readings against root length density data obtained from soil cores (1999)

Ephrath, J. E. ; Silberbush, M. ; Berliner, P. R.

Springer

Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 201-208

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acacia (Acacia saligna) ; insertion angle ; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The minirhiozotron (MR) root observation method was studied versus root length density (RLD) obtained from soil cores. Two plant species, acacia (Acacia saligna) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a 1-m3 container on Silt Loam (Typic Torrifluvent) and on fine dune sand (Typic Torripsamment), respectively. Roots of both plants were measured periodically by the two methods. The MR observation tubes (MROT) were inserted, either vertically or at 45°. The correlation between the number of roots obtained by the MR and RLD was significant for the entire profile. However, an appreciable error in root estimation by the MR root observation method at the upper 10-cm soil might occur. No significant difference was obtained from MROT oriented vertically or at 45°. The differences between the correlation coefficients of the two methods were not significant, for both plants and soils, indicating that this correlation expresses the geometry of the two measurement systems, not affected by plant or soil types. We concluded that the MR method may be used as an in situ, non-destructive root measuring method with reasonable confidence.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004556100253

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Tree/crop complementarity in an arid zone runoff agroforestry system in northern Kenya (2000)

Droppelmann, K. J. ; Ephrath, J. E. ; Berliner, P. R.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 50 (2000), S. 1-16

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: Acacia saligna ; intercropping ; pruning ; resource capture

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that shallow-rooted crops and deep-rooted trees will share the available water in a complementary manner, when grown together, in a field trail in the Turkana district of northern Kenya during 1994 to 1996. Such studies have been few in dryland agroforestry. The effects of two different Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Wendl. tree planting densities (2500 and 833 trees per ha), tree pruning (no pruning vs. pruning) and annual intercrops (no intercrop vs. intercrop) on total biomass production and their interactions were tested. In 1996 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench was used during the first vegetation period and Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. during the second. We used naturally generated runoff water for irrigation to supplement low rainfall amounts typical for the area. High biomass production (〉 13 t ha−1 over a two year period) was observed irrespective of intercropping of pruned trees or sole tree stands. Although the pruning treatment reduced total tree biomass yields by a quarter, the introduction of annual intercrops after the pruning of trees outweighed this loss. The yields of the intercrops in the pruned tree treatments were similar to their yields when grown as monocrops. The calculation of land equivalent ratios showed overyielding for intercropped, pruned systems. The high values for LER (1.36 at low and 1.47 at high density of trees) indicate that there is complementarity in resource use between the different species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006451129811

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Alternaria alternata in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cv. Acala: Effects on gas exchange, yield components and yield accumulation (1989)

Ephrath, J. E. ; Shteinberg, D. ; Drieshpoun, J. ; [et al.]

Springer

European journal of plant pathology 95 (1989), S. 157-166

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ISSN: 1573-8469

Keywords: photosynthesis ; transpiration ; crop loss assessment

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting Het effect vanAlternaria alternata op fotosynthese en transpiratie, opbrengstcomponenten en totale opbrengst bij katoen (Gossypium hirsutum L.) werd onderzocht onder veldomstandigheden. Verschillen in aantastingsniveaus werden verkregen door fungicide (fentin acetaat) behandelingen. De ziekte ontwikkelde zich het snelst boven in het gewas (〉 60 cm). Infectie ging niet gepaard met bladval. Het belangrijkste effect van de ziekte vormde een afname van het aantal vruchtdozen (‘bolls’). Een significante toename van zaadkatoen (‘seedcottton’) en van vezels (‘lint’) ten opzichte van de onbehandelde controle werd verkregen door toediening van fungiciden. Achterwege laten van vroege en late bestrijdingen had geen significante opbrenstverlaging tot gevolg.A. alternata verlaagde de fotosynthesesnelheid meer en de transpiratiesnelheid minder dan verklaard kon worden uit de geïnfecteerde oppervlakte van het blad.

Notes: Abstract The effect ofAlternaria alternata on gas exchange proceses, on total yield and on yield components in cottonGossypium hirsutum cv. Acala SJ-2, was examined under field conditions. Variations in disease severity levels were achieved by using three fungicide treatments (Fentin Acetate). Disease developed more rapidly on the upper canopy layer (〉661 cm height) than on lower ones. Infections were not accompanied by leaf shedding. The main effect of the disease was a reduction on bolls' number. A significant increase in seedcotton and lint yield, as compared to the untreated control, was achieved by applying fungicides. It was found that omitting early and late applications was not followed by significant yield reduction. Alternaria leaf spot reduced photosynthetic rate more and transpiration rate less, than could be explained by the extent of infected leaf area alone.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01999971

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Penetration of Radiation into Cotton Crop Canopies1 (1985)

Marani, A. ; Ephrath, J.

Wiley

In: Crop Science. 1985; 25(2): 309. Published 1985 Jan 01. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183x002500020024x.

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Publication Date: 1985-01-01

Print ISSN: 0011-183X

Electronic ISSN: 1435-0653

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Published by Wiley

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Impact of treated wastewater on growth, respiration and hydraulic conductivity of citrus root systems in light and heavy soils (2016)

Paudel, I., Cohen, S., Shaviv, A., Bar-Tal, A., Bernstein, N., Heuer, B., Ephrath, J.

Oxford University Press

In: Tree Physiology

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Publication Date: 2016-06-17

Description: Roots interact with soil properties and irrigation water quality leading to changes in root growth, structure and function. We studied these interactions in an orchard and in lysimeters with clay and sandy loam soils. Minirhizotron imaging and manual sampling showed that root growth was three times lower in the clay relative to sandy loam soil. Treated wastewater (TWW) led to a large reduction in root growth with clay (45–55%) but not with sandy loam soil (〈20%). Treated wastewater increased salt uptake, membrane leakage and proline content, and decreased root viability, carbohydrate content and osmotic potentials in the fine roots, especially in clay. These results provide evidence that TWW challenges and damages the root system. The phenology and physiology of root orders were studied in lysimeters. Soil type influenced diameter, specific root area, tissue density and cortex area similarly in all root orders, while TWW influenced these only in clay soil. Respiration rates were similar in both soils, and root hydraulic conductivity was severely reduced in clay soil. Treated wastewater increased respiration rate and reduced hydraulic conductivity of all root orders in clay but only of the lower root orders in sandy loam soil. Loss of hydraulic conductivity increased with root order in clay and clay irrigated with TWW. Respiration and hydraulic properties of all root orders were significantly affected by sodium-amended TWW in sandy loam soil. These changes in root order morphology, anatomy, physiology and hydraulic properties indicate rapid and major modifications of root systems in response to differences in soil type and water quality.

Print ISSN: 0829-318X

Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition