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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of liquid transport through swollen polymer membranes (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 2199-2210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pressure-driven transport of liquids employed in reverse osmosis has been shown to occur by a solution-diffusion mechanism in highly swollen polymer membranes. A theory based on this mechanism was successfully used earlier to correlate permeation fluxes for such membranes. Positive confirmation of this theory is provided here by direct measurement of the proposed concentration gradient. A study of the temperature dependence of the liquid diffusion coefficient in the polymer membrane has provided additional evidence of a hydrodynamic regime of diffusion in highly swollen membranes. It is also shown that the proposed ceiling flux in reverse osmosis is equal to the pervaporation flux.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070150912
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure-induced diffusion of organic liquids through highly swollen polymer membranesPresented at the Symposium on Tailored Polymeric Materials for Advanced Separation Processes, A.I.Ch.E. 62nd Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1969. (1970)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 14 (1970), S. 2201-2224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The transport of twelve organic liquids through a highly swollen rubbery membrane has been studied. The transport was caused by a pressure applied to the liquid above the membrane (reverse osmosis). The flux was found to be a highly nonlinear function of the driving pressure. Detailed thermodynamic and diffusion theories are proposed to describe the transport in terms of the concentration gradient of the swelling liquid within the membrane induced by the applied pressure. The data and the theory appear to be in very good agreement. The diffusion coefficients deduced from the data are explained in terms of a hydrodynamic mechanism of diffusion. Highly swollen membranes can yield very high liquid fluxes at moderate pressure and consequently may have applications for performing certain separations.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1970.070140903
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydraulic permeation of liquids through swollen polymeric networks. I. Poly(vinyl alcohol)-water (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1381-1386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes were prepared by crosslinking with terephthalaldehyde. Hydraulic permeation of water through this network structure was measured as a function of pressure for temperatures ranging from 18° to 35.8°C. The data were analyzed via a previously developed solution-diffusion theory for hydraulic permeation to give mutual diffusion coefficients. The activation energy for diffusion was found to be 6.5 kcal/mole which compared to the value of 4.3 kcal/mole for viscous flow of water indicates an influence of polymer-liquid interaction on the energetics of the diffusion process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190518
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydraulic permeation of liquids through swollen polymeric networks. III. A generalized correlation (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 2759-2771 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An approximate equation was developed that permits calculation of the solvent tracer diffusion coefficient in a homogeneous swollen membrane from the measured hydraulic permeability coefficient. This relation was applied to data for 28 polymer-solvent systems that included 15 different organic solvents and 5 hydrocarbon polymer networks whose equilibrium swellings ranged from 16.1 to 91.5% polymer on a volume basis. The calculated tracer diffusion coefficient divided by the pure solvent self-diffusion coefficient for these systems formed a unique correlation when plotted versus the polymer volume fraction in the membrane. This relation agreed well with tracer diffusion coefficient data in the literature for the benzene-natural rubber system measured by radioactive tagging. Discussion centers on the evidence for the validity of the equation developed and the role of hydrodynamics on diffusion in swollen membranes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070191011
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydraulic permeation of liquids through swollen polymeric networks. II. Liquid mixtures (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1837-1845 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The hydraulic permeation of toluene-cyclohexanone and isooctane-CCl4 mixtures through a membrane, a rubber network, was studied. No separation of components occurred in this mode. The mixture flux data were successfully analyzed using a solution-diffusion theory by treating the mixture as if it were a single component with properties of the mixture. Diffusion coefficients determined in this way appear to be governed by frictional forces having a hydrodynamic origin. Slight separation of the components did occur when the pervaporation mode of operation was used. The significance of this is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190706
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