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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrally Generated Nerve Impulse Sequences determining Swimming Behaviour in Tritonia (1969)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 224 (1969), S. 711-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Certain molluscan ganglia contain very large identifiable neurones, and in the mollusc Tritonia gilberti intracellular electrode studies can be carried out to investigate their activity during behaviour7. We have made electrical recordings from cells during a fixed action pattern? swimming as an ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/224711a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Motor Axon Terminations of Annelids (1963)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 406-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1, Photomicrograph of motor axons and terminations on parapodial levator muscle of Nereis. Methylene blue Fig. 2. Camera lucida drawing of a section cut at 7/a through the endings shown in Fig. 1. con, Connective tissue; cut., cuticle; ep., epidermis; mot.ax., motor axon endings; ra./., ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/198406a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy and physiology of proprioceptors in the cirri ofBalanus hameri (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 123 (1978), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anatomical studies on the 6 posterior cirri of the barnacle,Balanus hameri, have revealed the presence of a number of bipolar and multipolar sensory neurons in the coxopodite-basipodite-ramal (CBR) region which appear to function as proprioceptors. The cells are associated with two simple strands which terminate on the surface of the flexor muscles or on the hypodermis. Electrophysiological results suggest that the units show uni-directional responses to movements of the limb segments. No position receptors were identified. The difference in receptor activity to imposed and endogenously generated limb movements suggest that many units normally function as muscle tension receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00656875
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of swimming behavior inTritonia and its neurophysiological correlates (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 100 (1975), S. 117-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the escape-swimming behavior and neurophysiology ofTritonia hombergi and compared it with another species,Tritonia diomedia in an effort to determine some of the neurophysiological correlates of the modifications in the behavior brought upon by evolution. The general form of the responses in the two species is similar. However, there are well-defined differences in the facility with which the response can be elicited, and in the parameters of response duration over repeated trials (Fig. 2).T. hombergi has many neurons that are homologous in terms of relative size, pigmentation, location and function when compared toT. diomedia (Fig. 3). We attribute the reduced probability of initiation of escape-swimming inT. hombergi to specific alterations in the condition of the central neurons (TGN's) responsible for triggering it. It was found that; (i) these neurons produce weaker responses to appropriate stimuli (Fig. 4), (ii) there are substantially fewer such neurons and, (iii) there are neurons on the margins of the group with reduced regenerative firing capabilities (Fig. 5). Since the TGN's are electrically coupled to these latter neurons, it is suggested that the regenerative excitability of the TGN system as a whole is reduced by the loading effect of these less excitable neurons. It is proposed that the TGN system and consequently the escape-swimming response ofT. hombergi are in a transitional state in evolutionary terms. The small size of the TGN group and its interactions with nearby neurons are consistent with the idea that it is either recruiting or losing efficacy as the adaptive value of the behavior changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613964
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spiral glands of Nereis (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 204-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaetes ; Parapodia ; Glands ; Fine structure ; Mucus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The spiral organs of Nereis have been shown to be compound glands and not photoreceptors. The ducts of two or three types of secretory cells attach themselves in a serial manner to a spirally wound axial columella which lies just below the cuticle. The large intra-cellular ducts terminate in a number of fine ducts which penetrate the columella and open through it into the lumen of the gland. This communicates to the outside through a pore in the cuticle. The secretions are muco-polysaccharides which are probably mixed in the lumen before discharge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335526
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The epidermal glands of Nereis (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 219-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaetes ; Parapodia ; Glands ; Fine structure ; Mucus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three types of unicellular glands have been identified from the parapodial epithelium of Nereis. They conform to a common plan. The cell body, which lies at the base of the epithelium, has prominent rough-faced endoplasmic reticulum and golgi. It sends a long intra-cellular duct to the cuticle where it opens through a pore lined by the epicuticle. The end of the duct in two of the glands bears a ring of microvilli. The duct of the type-6 gland is lined by cytoplasm containing elongated mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum arranged in an alternating fashion. Each of these organelles is surrounded by an array of longitudionally orientated microtubules. The secretions are contained in membrane bound vesicles. In the type-4 cells the contents are homogeneous, whilst the other two contain distinctive electron-dense granules. The type-4 secretions are PAS negative and alcianophilic, the type-5 secretions are PAS positive and non-alcianophilic whilst the type-6 secretions have a strong affinity for Orange G.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335527
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pre- and post-synaptic actions of the cerebral ventral giant cell on buccal muscles ofPhiline (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 509-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Philine ; Presynaptic inhibition ; Equilibrium potential ; Junction potential ; Ventral giant cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebral ventral giant cell ofPhiline exterts a selective presynaptic inhibitory modulatory action on the terminals of a buccal excitatory motoneuron in two buccal muscles. Other excitatory inputs to the muscles are not affected. The ventral giant cell also makes direct synaptic contacts on the fibres of the same muscles. In the retractor muscle M4, 5 the junction potentials are usually depolarising when measured in sea water, but in the fibres of M6 they may have either polarity. The mean membrane potential of the fibres of M4, 5 and M6 was −74.7±0.65 mV and −64±0.95 mV respectively. Depolarization of the muscles fibres by around 15 mV by immersion in 20 mM K saline abolished the junction potential in M4, 5 and converted the depolarizing potential in M6 to a hyperpolarizing response. It is concluded that the VGC junction potential results from an increase in membrane conductance to an ion with a reversal potential between −60 and −70 mV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692423
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the compound sense organs on the cirri of Nereis diversicolor (1969)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 97 (1969), S. 512-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the fine structure of the sense organs on the prostomial cirri and palps of Nereis diversicolor shows them to consist of two types of cell. There are between 7 and 15 sensory cells and a similar number of associated cells which contain many osmiophilic granules. The cell bodies of both are sub-epidermal, having a long distal process which reaches the surface in a raised sensory hillock. The sensory cells carry a cilium, which passes through the cuticle and emerges surrounded by a sheath formed from the outer layers of the epicuticle. Scanning electron micrographs show the surface of the cirrus to be covered by hair-like epicuticular microvilli, through which the sheathed cilia protrude. There is also a second type of sensory cell which occurs singly between the epithelial cells. The distal membrane of this cell is formed into a tuft of approximately 55 large microvilli which open through a pore in the epicuticle. It is suggested by their position and structure, that both these receptors resemble chemoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00332800
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the lens and photoreceptors of Nereis virens (1968)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 85 (1968), S. 243-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cell membrane in the distal region of the photoreceptors of Nereis virens is formed into large numbers of tubular microvilli which interdigitate with those of neighbouring photoreceptors. No traces of cilia or basal bodies have been found, but a prominent axial filament with a repeat pattern of 660 Å extends from the upper to the lower parts of the cell. Large numbers of mitochondria are found in the outer segment of the photoreceptors around the bases of the microvilli. As it passes through the pigment layer the photoreceptor is invaded by finger-like intrusions of the pigment cells which serve to prevent light entering the eye from behind. The lens consists of fine filaments or rod-shaped bodies secreted by the pigment cells, which pass to the lens up narrow pillars between the outer segments of the photoreceptors. Attention is drawn to the evolutionary parallel between the shadow reflex of Branchiomma and the “off” responses of the photoreceptors in the distal retina of Pecten, both animals being exceptional within their phyla in having photoreceptors of the ciliary type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00325039
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ionic basis of the resting potential of molluscan unstriated muscle (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 159 (1989), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Philine ; Mollusc ; Retractor muscle ; Resting potential ; Sodium pump
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The membrane potential (Vm) of unstriated, non-spiking fibres from the buccal retractor muscle of the opisthobranch molluscPhiline aperta is primarily determined by the distribution of the potassium ion across the membrane. In salines where potassium is varied and chloride remains constant or nearly so, the membrane potential varied with log external K+ with a slope of 50.6 (±2.3) mV per decade. In chloride-free salines the slope was 48.5 mV per decade. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 18–20° C. A ten-fold reduction in external chloride concentration depolarised the fibres by around 10 mV, indicating that chloride permeability makes some contribution to Vm. In salines where [K]0·[Cl]0 is constant the Nernst slope was 55.8 mV per decade compared with the theoretical value of 58 mV. The experimental data suggest that the internal potassium concentration of the fibres is 247±31 mM and pNa/pK is 0.01, giving a predicted value of Vm in sea water of −72 mV. The membrane potential of 90 fibres measured in sea water was −74.2±1.3 mV. The membrane contains an electrogenic sodium pump which contributes 4–5 mV to the membrane potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691510
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