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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eimeria dispersa and Eimeria gallopavonis: Infectivity, Survival, and Development in Primary Chicken and Turkey Kidney Cell Cultures (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 24 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria dispersa (turkey strain) and Eimeria gallopavonis sporozoites were inoculated into primary cultures of chicken kidney (CK) and turkey kidney (TK) cells. Eimeria dispersa sporozoites were more infective in either cell type than those of E. gallopavonis: at 4 hr, the percentage of infection was 67-98 for E. dispersa but only 23-56 for E. gallopavonis. E. dispersa also survived better in culture: at 2 days, losses of E. dispersa in both cell types were only 4-19%, whereas losses of E. gallopavonis were 35-47% in TK cells and 60–95% in CK cells. However, E. gallopavonis developed further than E. dispersa. Location and increase in numbers of intracellular stages at 4 days indicated that E. dispersa proceeded through 2 schizogonic generations before development stopped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1977.tb05297.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Excystation of Four Species of Poultry Coccidia (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Examination of the crop, gizzard, and intestinal contents of chickens fed suspensions of either Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella oocysts and turkeys fed either E. meleagrimitis or E. gallopavonis oocysts indicated that, in all 4 species, (1) oocysts apparently remained unchanged while in the crop, (2) sporocysts were liberated from oocysts while the latter were passing through the gizzard, (3) sporozoites were activated and escaped from liberated sporocysts after they had reached the small intestine, and (4) sporozoites within intact oocysts in the crop, gizzard, and intestines were not activated. In vitro, trypsin 1–300 alone caused a small percentage of sporozoites to excyst from mechanically liberated sporocysts. The percentage of excystation increased greatly when trypsin was added to sodium taurocholate and increased even more when it was combined with chicken or turkey bile.The two duodenal species (E. acervulina and E. meleagrimitis) differed both in vivo and in vitro from the two cecal species (E. tenella and E. gallopavonis). The duodenal species excysted in less time and farther anteriorly in the small intestine than did the cecal species. In addition, sporozoites of the two cecal species survived much longer in media containing trypsin plus bile or sodium taurccholate than did those of the two duodenal species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02643.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excystation of the Poultry Coccidium, Eimeria acervulina (1962)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 9 (1962), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Using intervals up to 5 hours, attempts to excyst sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina from intact oocysts in vitro were unsuccessful.Examination of crop, gizzard, and intestinal contents of chicks fed large numbers of sporulated oocysts indicated that (1) no obvious change in the oocysts occurred in the crop, (2) a high percentage of the sporocysts were quickly released from the oocysts in the gizzard, (3) the sporozoites escaped from the liberated sporocysts in the duodenum and jejunum, and (4) the action of the digestive juice was apparently on the sporocysts rather than on the oocysts. In vitro attempts to excyst sporozoites from free sporocysts with various pancreatic preparations in the absence of bile produced low or insignificant percentages of excystation. In the presence of bile, bile salts, and other surface-active agents, the action of the pancreatic preparations was greatly increased. The heaviest suspension of motile, nonaggregating sporozoites was obtained with 0.25% trypsin 1–300 in 5% chicken bile at pH 7.6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1962.tb02600.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Trichomonads. II. The Metabolism of a Trichomonas batrachorum-type Flagellate from the Cecum of Swine (1958)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 5 (1958), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Certain aspects of the metabolism of a Trichomonas batrachorum-type flagellate from the cecum of swine were studied. This trichomonad (1) oxidized glucose, mannose, maltose, sucrose, and inulin, (2) was incapable of oxidizing Krebs' cycle intermediates, (3) possessed peroxide-splitting capabilities, (4) was inhibited by only iodoacetate and arsenite, and (5) formed acid(s) aerobically. Although there was no effect on oxygen uptake, pyruvate and lactate increased the anaerobic evolution of gas(es). In addition to CO2, other gas, not absorbed by KOH, was produced anaerobically.Compared with other porcine trichomonads, the metabolism of this small trichomonad resembles most closely that of the large cecal trichomonad, T. suis. However, the smaller trichomonad had a generally lower respiratory rate, a slightly lower optimal pH, and failed to oxidize fructose, galactose, lactose, raffinose, and trehalose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1958.tb02532.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Trichomonads. III. Inhibitors, Acid Production, and Substrate Utilization by 4 Strains of Tritrichomonas foetus (1959)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 6 (1959), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Inhibitors, acid production, and substrate utilization by 4 strains of Tritrichmonas foetus (BP-3, BP-4, A-1, and A-2) were studied manometrically. All used glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, glycogen, starch, lactate, and pyruvate. Strain A-1, with the highest aerobic and anaerobic endogenous rates, used these substrates less than did the others. Strain BP-3 did not use lactose; strains BP-4 and A-2 did not use raffinose aerobically and only slightly anaerobically; strain A-1 used both nearly as well as maltose and sucrose. All were strongly inhibited by iodoacetate and, if tested in the presence of glucose, aerobically or anaerobically, by fluoride, arsenite, hydroxylamine, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Aerobically, 2,4-dinitrophenol produced stimulation which was greater in the presence of glucose; anaerobically, it produced inhibition which was, in some cases, comparable to the effects produced by the other inhibitors. Fluoride, arsenite, azide, and hydroxylamine, although producing insignificant inhibitory effects on endogenous O2 consumption, reduced and, in some cases, abolished motility of all strains. All 4 strains produced acid under anaerobic and aerobic conditions; strain A-1 produced more than the others. Lactic acid accounted for 30–51% of the acid produced in all strains.Strain A-1 more closely resembled the nasal trichomonad of swine (strain PN-610) than did strain BP-1. (Doran(3)). The writer believes that the swine nasal strain is a highly adapted strain of T. foetus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1959.tb03947.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on Trichomonads. I. The Metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonads from the Nasal Cavity and Gecum of Swine (1957)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 4 (1957), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. The metabolism of Tritrichomonas foetus (strain, BP-1) and trichomonads from the nasal cavity and cecum of swine was studied manometrically under similar experimental conditions. At pH 6.4, quantitative and qualitative differences were observed. The cecal (probably T. suis) and nasal trichomonad used glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, lactose, sucrose, raffinose, and trehalose. T. foetus used all except lactose and raffinose. All three were inhibited by iodoacetate and arsenite. T. foetus and the nasal form were significantly inhibited by fluoride and 8-hydroxyquinoline, whereas the cecal trichomonad was not. At varied pH, all failed to oxidize Krebs' cycle intermediates. The amounts of oxygen consumed by T. foetus and the nasal trichomonad in the presence of lactate and pyruvate were at levels similar to those with disaccharides; the cecal trichomonad was indifferent toward both substances. Anaerobically, lactate and pyruvate increased the evolution of gas by all three trichomonads. Aerobic acid formation was demonstrated for all three forms. Anaerobically, metabolic CO2 and gas(es) that were not absorbed by KOH were evolved by all three. Pure oxygen was inhibitory to glucose utilization and stimulatory to the endogenous respiration of all trichomonads; the nasal form was affected the least.The writer believes that the cecal trichomonad is different from T. foetus and the nasal trichomonad of swine. The relationship between the nasal trichomonad and T. foetus remains in doubt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1957.tb02506.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Life Cycle of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer, 1929 in Turkeys (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 25 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of a turkey strain of Eimeria dispersa Tyzzer was studied in Beltsville Small White turkeys. There were 4 asexual generations. Mature schizonts of the first generation were present 30 h postinoculation (PI); those of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th generations were present 48, 72, and 96 h PI, respectively. Average size of schizonts and number and size of merozoites for each generation were as follows: first, 14.3 × 13.0 μm with 19.2 merozoites, each 4.5 × 1.2 μm; second, 8.0 × 7.2 μm with 13.5 merozoites, each 4.5 × 1.1 μm; third, 8.9 × 8.9 μm with 15.1 merozoites, each 5.6 × 2.1 μm; fourth, 11.6 × 10.5 μm with 6.7 merozoites, each 8.2 × 2.0 μm. Sporozoites and developmental stages of the first generation were in close association with an epithelial cell nucleus and located between the brush border and the “row” of epithelial cell nuclei; developmental stages of the other 3 generations were not associated with a nucleus and were located just under the brush border. Early macrogametes and microgametocytes were present 96 h PI. Development was confined to the epithelial cells of the villus and extended from the tip of the villus to ∼ 1/2 the distance down the sides in all areas of the intestine except the cecum. The prepatent period was between 114 and 120 h. Percentage of sporulation was 15, 57, and 90, at 24, 36, and 48 h, respectively. Sporulated oocysts averaged 24.5 × 20.2 μm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1978.tb03894.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Migration of Eimeria acervulina Sporozoites to the Duodenal Glands of Lieberkühn (1966)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 13 (1966), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites in the duodenal glands of Lieberkühn of the chicken is described. Sporozoites were found to enter the tips of the villi and pass into the lamina propria, or core, of the villus. Within the lamina propria, sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and taken to the glandular epithelium.Data are presented which indicate that macrophages serve as a defense against infection as well as a mode of transportation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1966.tb01864.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Cultivation of Poultry Coccidia in Mammalian Kidney Cell Cultures (1967)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 14 (1967), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Excysted sporozoites of Eimeria meleagrimitis, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, and E. gallopavonis were inoculated into monolayer cell cultures of bovine, ovine, porcine, and human kidney. E. meleagrimitis developed only in bovine embryonic kidney. Mature schizonts were found in the 11th, 16th, and 20th serial passages, but only immature schizonts were in the 4th and 6th passages. E. necatrix developed to mature schizonts in the 3rd, 4th, 6th, 11th, 16th, and 20th passages of bovine kidney and also to immature schizonts in the 175th and 189th passages of PK-15 (cell line porcine kidney). Schizonts, however, did not develop in the 140th and 145th passages of CCI-33 (cloned PK-15). Neither E. meleagrimitis nor E. necatrix developed in the primary, 1st or 2nd passages of bovine embryonic kidney, primary porcine kidney, 45th and 52nd passages of a human embryonic kidney cell line, or in the primary, 5th and 18th passages of ovine kidney. Eimeria acervulina and E. gallopavonis did not develop in any of the cultures. E. meleagrimitis and E. necatrix probably completed only one asexual generation in culture. The structure of mature schizonts of both species differed greatly from those in the natural host. Schizonts of E. meleagrimitis present at 48 hours were small (13–18 by 12–14 μ) and contained only 12–28 merozoites that were 3.2–3.8 μ long. At 48 hours, E. necatrix schizonts were 15–18 μ in diameter or less and contained only 15–20 merozoites (2.0–3.5 μ long); at 96 hours they were 50–70 by 10–35μ and contained either hundreds of small merozoites (2.0–3.5 μ long) or a lesser number of larger merozoites (9–11 μ).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1967.tb02058.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative Development of Eimeria tenella from Sporozoites to Oocysts in Primary Kidney Cell Cultures from Gallinaceous Birds (1973)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 20 (1973), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Eimeria tenella completed its endogenous life cycle in primary cultures of kidney cells from 2- to 3-week-old-chickens, guinea fowl, partridges, pheasants, quail, and turkeys. Similarity in percentage of infection at 4 hr suggested that sporozoites entered cells from all birds in equal numbers. Development was better, however, in chicken cells in that the percentage of survival and of developmental stages during the first 2 days were greater, developmental stages occurring after 2 days usually were found earlier, mature 2nd-generation schizonts and oocysts were larger, and oocyst production was far greater than in nonhost cells. Multinucleate macrogametes, which sometimes reached sizes 3–4 times greater than normal oocysts, are reported for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1973.tb03593.x
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