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  • 1
    ISSN: 0257-8972
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 230-235 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Fatigue ; crack propagation ; thermoplastics ; craze length ; fracture surface markings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract By the aid of the optical interference method the size of the craze zone at the crack tip has been measured during fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in two glassy thermoplastics thus giving a basis to re-examine proposed models. In contrast to previous assumptions it has been found, that in PMMA of high molecular weight crack propagation occurs only during a short interval of the loading cycle when the fibrils are stretched most severely and it is not limited by crack tip blunting; between the dimensions of the craze zone and the crack advance per cycle which is also reflected by markings on the fracture surface no simple correlation has been found. In PVC first the craze grows continuously during many loading cycles up to its final size and then the crack propagates by a jump separating the craze zone only partly. Thus at all stress intensity levels investigated the length of the final craze zone has been found to be distinctly larger than the jump spacing on the fracture surface. By aid of SEM-photography it is shown that in PVC during FCP cracking occurs by separation of fibrils instead of void coalescence.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: PMMA ; statische Langzelt-Zugbelastung ; Einzelriß ; Craze-Zahl ; viskoelastisches Materialverhalten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sizes of craze-zones at crack tips in PMMA loaded in static fatigue were determined using interference optical measurements. Under subcritical loading conditions - no crack propagation - it was found that the craze size and hence the length of the fibrils, become much larger than in the case of slow or fast crack propagation where the fibrils break. This sffect can be explained from continuummechanics and the viscoelastic properties of PMMA. It can be quantitatively proved using the Dugdale-model for evaluation of the interference optical results; as expected yield stress and Young's modulus decrease during the loading time. In order to give an interpretation on a molecular basis, investigations at elevated temperatures were also carried out. The activation energy, derived from the Temperature-timeshift, corresponds to the activation energy of the β-relaxation, in agreement with assertions made in the literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe interferenzoptischer Messungen wurden die Craze-Zonengrößen vor der Rißspitze in statisch langzeitig belastetem PMMA gemessen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß bei unterkritischer Belastung (kein Rißwachstum) die CrazeZonengröße und damit die Länge der verstreckten Molekülbündel weit über diejenigen Werte anwachsen, bei denen unter langsamer und schneller Bruchausbreitung ein Zerreißen der Molekülbündel beobachtet wird. Dieser Effekt kann kontinuumsmechanisch durch das viskoelastische Materialverhalten von PMMA gedeutet und durch Anwendung des Dugdale-Modells auf die interferenzoptischen Meßergebnisse durch die erwartete Abnahme von Fließspannung und E-Modul mit der Belastungszeit quantitativ belegt werden. Um eine Interpretation auf molekularer Basis geben zu können, wurden Untersuchungen auch bei erhöhten Temperaturen durchgeführt. Die aus den Temperatur-Zeit-Verschiebungen bestimmte Aktivierungsenergie entspricht der in der Literatur üblicherweise für die β-Relaxation angegebenen Energie.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 252 (1974), S. 880-885 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In PMMA there is a transition from slow subcritical to fast critical crack growth accompanied by a change in the fracture surface and a sharp increase in the crack velocity. The crack velocities were measured by two different methods; the limiting velocities in the slow crack propagation region were in the range 6–21 cm/s; at the transition the velocity increases by about three orders of magnitude. Such crack propagation behaviour has been attributed byWilliams to an isothermal/adiabatic transition. With the help of recent calculations byWeichert andSchönert of the isothermal field around a moving heat source, it is shown that these limiting velocities of slow crack propagation can be estimated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In PMMA ist der Übergang von der langsamen, unterkritischen Bruchausbreitung zur schnellen, überkritischen Bruchausbreitung mit einer Änderung in der Bruchflächenstruktur und einem Geschwindigkeitssprung verbunden. Die Bruchgeschwindigkeiten wurden mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden gemessen; die registrierten Endgeschwindigkeiten des langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereiches liegen zwischen 6 und 21 cm/s, der Geschwindigkeitssprung beträgt etwa 3 Zehnerpotenzen. Dieses Bruchverhalten wird nachWilliams auf einen isotherm/adiabatischen Effekt zurückgeführt. Mit Hilfe einer vonWeichert,Schönert angegebenen Berechnung des Isothermenfeldes einer bewegten Wärmequelle kann dieser Effekt konkreter gefaßt und die Endgeschwindigkeit im langsamen Bruchausbreitungsbereich eingegrenzt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 48 (1964), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die metallisch glänzenden Flecke auf Kulturen von Bact. pyocyaneum werden von Kristallen hervorgerufen. Ihre mechanischen Eigenschaften, das Verhalten beim Erhitzen, ihre Löslichkeit und Färbbarkeit sowie ihr Verhalten im polarisierten Licht werden beschrieben. Cholesterin, Lecithin und Glycerin im Nährboden regen die Bakterien zu vermehrter Glanz- und Kristallbildung an. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen lassen auf die (hydrophobe) Lipoidnatur der Kristalle schließen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 19 (1953), S. 52-86 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Blutegel (Hirudo officinalis und H. medicinalis) besitzen einen obligaten bakteriellen Darmsymbionten: Pseudomonas hirudinis, der für die Aufschließung des Nahrungsblutes verantwortlich ist. Dieser alleinige Bewohner des Egeldarms wird durch einen festen Übertragungsmechanismus über die Kokonflüssigkeit an die Nachkommenschaft weitergegeben. 2. In der Egelharnblase kommen regelmäßig 2 Corynebakterienarten vor: C. vesiculare und C. nephridii. — Der angebliche Cilienbesatz des Harnblasenepithels erweist sich als eine Reinkultur von C. vesiculare. — Beide Bakterienarten sind in der Lage, aus organischen Harnbestandteilen größere Mengen von Ammoniak in Freiheit zu setzen. 3. Auf der Egeloberfläche findet sich eine, je nach dem Bakteriengehalt des Biotops wechselnde Bakterienflora heterogener Zusammensetzung. Eine physiologische Beziehung dieser epiphytischen Flora zum Blutegel konnte nicht ermittelt werden. Die Existenz des “Bacillus hirudinis” nach Schweizer wird in Zweifel gezogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 14 (1978), S. R189 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 11 (1975), S. 184-186 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 15 (1979), S. R145 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 268 (1990), S. 814-822 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Fatigue ; crackpropagation ; thermoplastics ; crazestress ; crazeextensionratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An iterative approach is used to estimate, from interference optics measurements, the variation of refractive index and, hence, extension ratio along the length of a craze at the tip of a fatigue crack. The finite element method is used to compute craze surface stress distributions which are found to be similar to those obtained for static loading. High extension ratios, in the range 6 to 8 for retarded fatigue crack growth in poly(vinylchloride), are attained in the craze fibrils at the crack tip before crack jump occurs. The craze thickens primarily by surface drawing during the early stages of its growth but in the later stages the fibril creep mechanism predominates. The critical fibril extension ratio is not reached in a single cycle, as in normal fatigue crack propagation, and crack jump does not occur until, typically, after several hundreds of cycles during which the fibrils accumulate considerable damage.
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