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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress-optic effect in ice (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 1183-1185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated in this letter that single-crystal ice exhibits stress-optic effect or temporary stress-induced birefringence. This effect can be used in the exploration of the stresses using the standard techniques of photoelasticity. The photoelastic sensitivity of ice is quite high compared to glass and thus, should be quite useful in the determination of stresses in polycrystalline materials particularly near grain boundaries and in the vicinity of cracks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.110883
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractographic examinations of fracture in polycrystalline S2 ice (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 26 (1991), S. 5733-5740 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fractographic examinations were carried out on the fracture surfaces of both single-edge notched bend (SENB) and wedge-loaded compact tension (WLCT) specimens of S2 freshwater ice. Formvar solutions provided an effective means of making replicas that revealed various patterns of the fracture surfaces. The fracture modes consisted of both cleavage and brittle intergranular fracture, with cleavage fracture dominating. The cleavage planes of the S2 ice were mainly the {0 0 0 1} and {10¯1 1} planes under the experimental conditions for this study. Kinks forming new grain boundaries were found on the fracture surfaces of polycrystalline S2 ice for the first time. Kinking is regarded as a possible mechanism of plastic deformation for polycrystalline ice and to partially account for the high fracture energy of S2 ice found in this study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130109
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ice/metal interfaces: fracture energy and fractography (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 943-947 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented of the fracture tests of ice/metal interfaces in an attempt to utilize fracture mechanics to characterize the failure of ice/solid adhesion. The four-point bending delamination specimen was used to measure the fracture energy of ice/aluminium and ice/steel joints at — 15 °C. The interfacial fracture energy was found to be dependent on ice type and formation procedure of the ice/metal composites. Crack growth was in a manner of asymmetrical bursting, and both cohesive and adhesive failure mechanisms were observed. Although the fracture of ice/metal interfaces was brittle in nature, the evidence of dislocation slip in ice crystals, as revealed by etching and replicating, suggests that microplastic deformations occur in the ice component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00352894
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radial cracking with closure (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 73 (1995), S. 233-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Progressive radial cracking of a clamped plate subjected to crack-face closure is studied. The material behavior is assumed to be elastic-brittle. The cracks are assumed to be relatively long in the sense that the three-dimensional contact problem can be described via a statically equivalent two-dimensional idealization. The number of cracks is supposed large enough to permit a quasi-continuum approach rather than one involving the discussion of discrete sectors. The formulation incorporates the action of both bending and stretching as well as closure effects of the radial crack face contact. Fracture mechanics is used to explore the load-carrying capacity and the importance of the role of the crack-surface-interaction. For a given crack radius, the closure contact width is assumed to be constant. Under this condition, a closed-form solution is obtained for the case of a finite clamped plate subjected to a concentrated force. Crack growth stability considerations predict that the system of radial cracks will initiate and grow unstably over a significant portion of the plate radius. The closure stress distribution is determined exactly in the case of narrow contact widths and approximately otherwise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037646
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture analysis of semi-circular and semi-circular-bend geometries (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 77 (1996), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A fracture mechanics analysis of the semi-circular (SC) and semi-circular-bend (SCB) fracture geometries is presented. The weight function method is implemented to obtain wide ranging stress intensity factor (SIF) and crack opening displacement (COD) expressions. This study has as its basis a finite element analysis of the semi-circular disk (SC) subjected to a reference loading case. The latter is required to determine both the associated reference stress intensity factor and the weight function for the base-edge-cracked semi-circular geometry. With this information, SIF and COD expressions for the full range of crack lengths are obtained. The special cases of the SC subject to a concentrated crack mouth loading and the SCB are analyzed in detail. The weight function for the SCB is fully developed, with an accurate expression for the SIF and and a numerical result for the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD). The latter wide ranging expressions can, in turn, be applied as a reference solution. From this weight function approach, SIF's and COD's for the SC and SCB subject to any other loading can be obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018778
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic crack branching in brittle solids (1985)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 27 (1985), S. 203-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On présente un état de la question relatif aux recherches analytiques et numériques récemment effectuées ou en cours sur le phénomène d'arborescence de fissures dynamiques dans des solides fragiles. On passe d'abord en revue les constatations expérimentales de base concernant la physique du mécanisme de l'arborescence. Ensuite, est résumé un travail élastostatique relatif à l'arborescence d'une fissure sous un angle arbitraire et les critères de rupture d'une fissure en arborescence. On met l'accent sur les idéalisations auxquelles conduisent les modèles mathématiques étudiés. On discute les schémas analytiques et numériques qui ont récemment conduit à des solutions au phénomène de branchment d'une fissue dynamique dans des conditions comparables. On discute également une approximation de type perturbation applicable aux conditions initiales aux limites et par laquelle la contrainte artificielle d'auto-similarité peut être éliminée et le phénomène d'arborescence d'une fissure sous vélocité variable peut être traité. Finalement, on identifie de nouvelles directions et les besoins pour des recherches futures.
    Notes: Abstract A state-of-the-art review of recent and on-going analytical and numerical research on dynamic crack branching in brittle solids is presented. First, fundamental experimental evidence concerning the physics of the branching mechanism is reviewed. Next, elastostatic work dealing with crack branching under an arbitrary angle and crack branching fracture criteria is summarized. The idealizations inherent in the mathematical models under investigation are emphasized. The analytical and numerical schemes that have recently yielded several much needed dynamic self-similar crack branching solutions are discussed. A perturbation-type approximation to the initial-boundary conditions whereby the artificial constraint of self-similarity is removed and variable velocity crack branching can be treated is discussed also. Finally, new directions and the needs of future research are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017968
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture analysis of base-edge-cracked reverse-tapered plates (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 69 (1995), S. 281-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a fracture mechanics analysis of the base-edge-cracked reverse-tapered (RT) fracture geometry. Motivation for this study was the use of this test geometry in Phase 1 of a recently completed joint-industry-agency project entitled ‘Large-Scale Ice Fracture Experiments’. Underlying the choice of the RT fracture geometry for Phase 1 was the desirability of achieving crack propagation in a controlled and stable manner; such control would allow a number of observations to be made on one testpiece. Reverse tapering greatly improves not only crack growth stability but also crack path stability. The weight function method was used to provide accurate wide-ranging stress intensity factor (SIF), crack face displacement (COD) and crack opening area (COA) expressions for the RT subject to any loading. The required weight function was obtained through a finite element analysis of this geometry subject to a reference load case which determined the associated stress intensity factor and crack opening displacements. The Wu and Carlsson procedure was followed. A key modification to the latter procedure facilitated the attainment of the reference CMOD for all crack lengths, including the zero ligament limit; this was achieved by considering an additional reference solution. This modification is general in nature and could be pursued whenever the reference CMOD is not known analytically. An analytical solution for the crack opening area (COA) was also achieved for the special case of concentrated loading at the crack mouth. This solution can be applied to any geometry where the reference CMOD expression is known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037379
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The wedge subjected to tractions: a paradox resolved (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 11 (1981), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The classical two-dimensional solution provided by Lévy for the stress distribution in an elastic wedge, loaded by a uniform pressure on one face, becomes infinite when the opening angle 2α of the wedge satisfies the equation tan 2α✱ = 2α✱. Such pathological behavior prompted the investigation in this paper of the stresses and displacements that are induced by tractions of O(r −ω) as r→0. The key point is to choose an Airy stress function which generates stresses capable of accommodating unrestricted loading. Fortunately conditions can be derived which pre-determine the form of the necessary Airy stress function. The results show that inhomogeneous boundary conditions can induce stresses of O(r −ω), O(r −ω ln r), or O(r −ω ln2 r) as r→0, depending on which conditions are satisfied. The stress function used by Williams is sufficient only if the induced stress and displacement behavior is of the power type. The wedge loaded by uniform antisymmetric shear tractions is shown in this paper to exhibit stresses of O(ln r) as r→0 for the half-plane or crack geometry. At the critical opening angle 2α✱, uniform antisymmetric normal and symmetric shear tractions also induce the above type of stress singularity. No anticipating such stresses, Lévy used an insufficiently general Airy stress function that led to the observed pathological behavior at 2α✱.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042478
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the singular behavior at the vertex of a bi-material wedge (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of elasticity 11 (1981), S. 317-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2681
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Information on the singular behavior at the vertex of a bi-material wedge is the objective of this paper. A summary of the necessary conditions, which depend heavily on the associated eigenvalue equation, for stress singularities of O(r -λ 1n r) as r→0 or O(r -λ) as r→0 is stated. The eigenvalue equations arising from a wide range of boundary and interface conditions are then provided. Bi-material wedge problems that have been subjected to singularity analyses of some generality in the literature are briefly reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041942
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Notch sensitivity and brittleness in fracture testing of S2 columnar freshwater ice (1992)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 53 (1992), S. 101-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two loading configurations (four-point-bend, three-point-bend) were used in the laboratory at Clarkson to test for the fracture toughness of carefully grown S2 columnar freshwater ice. For one specific crack orientation and one grain size, the crack length was varied ranging from very short to very deep. The crack length effects were studied in this way for three specimen sizes (the in-plane dimensions of the specimen size were geometrically scaled; the specimen thickness was essentially constant). These crack length and specimen size tests are primarily directed towards designing fracture toughness tests for ice that both satisfy small scale yielding requirements and provide material properties (in the sense of (1)) — toughness values independent of the size and geometry of the specimen. Considerations of sufficient notch sensitivity in terms of brittleness numbers provide a means to determine the necessary specimen size. The results reported in this paper suggest that the specimen sizes used in testing S2 ice to date have largely been sub-size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034667
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