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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifreeze Peptides and Glycopeptides in Cold-Water Fishes (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 45 (1983), S. 245-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.001333
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery from stress following capture and anaesthesia of antarctic fish: haematology and blood chemistry (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 25 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04903.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal glomerular evolution in Antarctic notothenioid fishes (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 29 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy were used to document the degree of glomerular development in 10 species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes. When combined with results of previous studies, data revealed that 16 of 20 species inhabiting subzero sea water were aglomerular. One subantarctic and two temperate species were pauciglomerular, and an additional temperate species had a moderate number of glomeruli. Renal corpuscles were variable in number and diameter among the pauciglomerular species, and most had few patent glomerular capillaries. Radiolabelled markers indicated that the glomerular filtration rate was low in the pauciglomerular Notothenia angustata, ranging from 0.005 to 0.124 ml h−1 kg−1 in eight specimens. Arterial perfusion of Microfil demonstrated that arteries supplying aglomerular and pauciglomerular kidneys were confined largely to the periphery of the organ, and glomerular capillaries were absent or few in number. As ancestral notothenioids probably had glomerular kidneys, data from 20–25% of the fauna suggest that there has been an evolutionary loss of glomeruli in many species. The pattern of glomerular reduction is consistent with the hypothesis that the selective advantage of aglomerularism is in the urinary conservation of small molecular weight antifreeze glycopeptide compounds that are vital to survival in sub-zero Antarctic waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1986.tb04981.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Renal function in Antarctic teleost fishes: Serum and urine composition (1975)
    Springer
    Marine biology 29 (1975), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The urine and serum compositions in 11 species of Antarctic teleost fishes were studied. The body fluids of these fishes were hypoosmotic to seawater. Both urine and serum osmoconcentrations were conspicuously greater than those of temperate species. The elevated serum osmolality was due to increased levels of NaCl, while elevated urine osmolality was due chiefly to increased concentrations of magnesium and chloride. The kidney was unable to form a urine hyperosmotic to serum under field conditions. The renal tubular epithelium secreted magnesium and calcium against a concentration gradient, while effectively preventing the renal excretion of significant amounts of sodium and potassium. Bladder urine of Antarctic teleosts may often be supercooled by as much as 0.8°C. Coelomic fluid and the integument probably act as a barrier in preventing ice propagation in the supercooled bladder urine, since they both contain glycoprotein “antifreeze” agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395528
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of antifreeze glycopeptides from several Antarctic fishes (1984)
    Springer
    Polar biology 3 (1984), S. 93-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antifreeze glycopeptides have been isolated from eight species of antarctic fish representing the families Nototheniidae, Channichthyidae, and Bathydraconidae. Amino acid analysis indicates that the glycopeptides have amino acid compositions identical to previously studied antarctic nototheniids. The sizes of the glycopeptides show some heterogeneity although they all span the molecular weight range of approximately 34,000 to 2,500 daltons. The species studied here are representative of most of the ecological habitats of the Antarctic Ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258153
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptations for cryopelagic life in the antarctic notothenioid fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki (1985)
    Springer
    Polar biology 4 (1985), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cryopelagic circumantarctic notothenioid fish Pagothenia borchgrevinki lives near the undersurface of the sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. When compared to closely related benthic species (especially Trematomus bernacchii), Pagothenia exhibited substantial morphological differences in a variety of organ systems. The values of the fineness ratio and the indices of trunk shape and flatness suggested streamlining and drag reduction, adaptations to life in the water column. Pagothenia also lacked substrate contact adaptations in the pelvic and anal fins. Silvery reflective layers (strata argentea) beneath the skin and in the iris and choroid of the eye provided camouflage when Pagothenia were viewed against a background of platelet ice. The retina had many cones indicating the eye was adapted to both diurnal and nocturnal vision. During the austral spring Pagothenia fed exclusively on nektonic organisms near the ice-water interface. Dietary diversity was low; copepods and amphipods were the most frequently occurring and amphipods were the most frequently occurring taxa. In conclusion, Pagothenia appear specialized for life in the water column.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286816
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lipid content and composition of three species of Antarctic fish in relation to buoyancy (1984)
    Springer
    Polar biology 3 (1984), S. 77-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lipip content and composition of various tissues from three species of nototheniid fish from McMurdo Sound, Antarctic have been examined in relation to their habitat and buoyancy. The pelagic midwater Dissostichus mawsoni is neutrally buoyant. It is rich in lipid which is located subcutaneously, as adipose tissue associated intimately with white muscle, and as lipid droplets within the cells of various tissues. White muscle, red muscle and liver are particularly lipid-rich, although the liver is not positively buoyant. The amount of lipid stored in the white muscle increases towards the centre of buoyancy of the fish. These deposits are documented at the anatomical, histological and ultrastructural levels. Tissues of Pagothenia borchgrevinki contain less lipid than D. mawsoni, but liver, red muscle and white muscle are still very rich in lipid. This species is cryopelagic, that is it spends most of the time in the water column just beneath the surface ice layer. It is not neutrally buoyant, but has a low weight in seawater. The tissues of the benthic Trematomus bernacchii contain only normal levels of lipid. The lipid class compositions of all three species are dominated by triacylglycerol, particularly when lipid contents are high. Serum lipids are an exception in containing high levels of the transport lipid sterol ester. The reason why Antarctic fish use triacylglycerols for buoyancy rather than was esters (as used by many myctophids) or squalene (as used by some sharks) is unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258151
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of the lipid sac wall in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Pleuragramma antarcticum (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 333-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy indicates that the intermuscular lipid sac walls of Pleuragramma antarcticum consist of several white adipocytes arranged circumferentially around a large lipid droplet. Since sac walls are cellular, the lipid may be available for metabolism in addition to its obvious role in buoyancy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287433
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the digestive system of Antarctic nototheniid fishes Received: 24 November 1995/Accepted: 27 January 1996 (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1996), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Although Antarctic nototheniid fishes are ecologically diverse, this survey of aspects of the anatomy and histology of the digestive system of 25 species showed little interspecific variation in the structure of this system. The gastrointestinal tract is illustrated and all but two species shared a similar pattern of intestinal coiling. The average number of pyloric ceca in most nototheniids was 6–7, with means ranging from 3.0 to 7.6. Reduction in the number of ceca was evident in both phyletically basal and derived species. Intraspecific variation in cecal number was nonexistent in some species, but in others ranged between 2 and 4 ceca. Numerous hepatic ducts, contained within the liver parenchyma, converged on the neck of the gall bladder. The bile duct penetrated the gut wall near the origins of the most dorsally located ceca. The terminal portion of the pancreatic duct paralleled, but did not join, the bile duct. The exocrine pancreas was diffuse and present in intercecal and splenic mesenteries, in the wall of the gall bladder and in tissue near the walls of the bile and pancreatic ducts. Unlike many other teleosts, the liver of nototheniids usually lacked pancreatic exocrine tissue. Nototheniids had a principal pancreatic islet (Brockmann body) and 2–3 accessory islets. Peritoneal melanism was a convergent feature of species living in the water column and probably served to screen the bioluminescence from gut contents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050098
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release of an ice-active substance by Antarctic sea ice diatoms (1994)
    Springer
    Polar biology 14 (1994), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Interstitial water from the diatom-rich ice platelet layer in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica contains a macromolecular, ice-active substance (IAS) that, at in situ concentrations, causes dense pitting on the basal surfaces of growing ice platelets. In this respect, it resembles several fish antifreezes that also cause pitting on ice surfaces, but unlike the antifreezes, it does not lower the freezing point. The IAS appeared to be released by diatoms, as extracts from the diatoms contained IAS, while seawater from a diatom-free area did not. No evidence of IAS was found in several species of temperate water diatoms. The ice-pitting activity of the IAS was destroyed by proteases and by incubation at 40° C, but not by periodate oxidation, or by incubation with galactosidase or endonuclease. Thus, activity appears to arise from a protein or protein component, and not from carbohydrate or nucleic acids. Potential roles of the IAS in the sea ice community are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240276
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