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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The capacity of Jamaican mine spoils, agricultural and forest soils to nodulate Myrica cerifera, Leucaena leucocephala and Casuarina cunninghamiana (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 99 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Soils from seven sites on the island of Jamaica were assayed for the symbiotic diazotrophs Frankia and Rhizobium using serial dilutions. Most probable number and least squares regression methods were used to estimate each soil's capacity to nodulate native Myrica cerifera, exotic Leucaena leucocephala and exotic Casuarina cunninghamiana. The sample sites included a montane forest, a slash-and-burn agricultural site, reclaimed bauxite mining areas, abandoned sugar cane fields, and a garden plot. None of the host plants used in the bioassay were present on the sites sampled except for scattered L. leucocephala on one site. Frankia capable of nodulating M. cerifera, which is native to Jamaican highlands, occurred at all sites sampled. No C. cunninghamiana-infective Frankia was detected in soils sampled. Only soils from one site on the tropical coastal plain harbored rhizobia able to nodulate L. leucocephala (37 nodulation units cm−3 of soil). A subset of nodulated M. cerifera and L. leucocephala reduced acetylene to ethylene indicating nitrogenase activity. The slash-and-burn agricultural site, which was situated at an elevation of 200 m and possessed both high natural fertility and high soil moisture-supplying capacity, had significantly greater Myrica infectious capacity (1 000 nodulation units cm−3 of soil) than the other sites (7−207 nodulation units cm−3 of soil). A planned, paired comparison revealed that a recently cultivated sugar cane field and a recently reclaimed bauxite mining site together had significantly less Myrica-infective Frankia (4 nodulation units cm−3 of soil) than a corresponding pair of sites consisting of a sugar cane field abandoned for 25 years and a bauxite mining site reclaimed 20 years before sampling (118 nodulation units cm−3 of soil). Results indicate that Myrica-infective Frankia is widespread in Jamaica, that the number of Myrica-infective Frankia units vary from site to site in accordance with soil type and soil history, that Jamaican sites sampled lack soil Frankia populations capable of nodulating a casuarina host, that rhizobial symbionts capable of nodulating L. leucocephala may be geographically restricted to lowlands in Jamaica, and that the occurrence of Frankia in these soils is independent of host plant presence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb05370.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological and morphological responses of red alder and sitka alder to flooding (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 99 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and sitka alder (A. viridis ssp. sinuata [Regel] Löve & Löve) are nitrogen-fixing woody species that grow sympatrically along the Pacific coast of North America. Red alder is found in poorly drained lowlands, as well as in soils of moist upland slopes, whereas sitka alder generally colonizes well-drained soils. To identify factors that contribute to flood tolerance, we conducted greenhouse experiments subjecting both species to a 20-day flood and 10-day recovery and red alder to a 50-day flood and 20-day recovery. We determined the effect of this stress on nitrogenase activity, root and nodule alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity, lenticel and adventitious root development, relative growth rate (RGR), and leaf gas exchange. After 24 h of flooding, nitrogenase activity could not be detected in either species. Limited nitrogenase activity did return in red alder at the end of a 10-day recovery following the 20-day flood, but sitka alder showed no recovery of nitrogenase activity. After 50 days of continuous flooding, red alder nitrogenase activity returned to pretreatment levels. Red alder root and nodule ADH activity was more than twice that of sitka alder under flooded conditions. Sitka alder showed extensive root mortality and leaf abscission over the same 20-day flooding period. Flooded red alder exhibited an initial decline in root RGR, but recovered between days 10 and 20 with the formation of adventitious roots. Furthermore, initiation of adventitious roots in red alder coincided with an increase in stomatal conductance without a similar recovery of carbon dioxide exchange rate. Sitka alder formed few adventitious roots, lost much of its root and leaf biomass, and showed no restoration of growth during flooding or recovery. Different responses of red and sitka alder to flooding serve as a partial explanation for the different patterns of distribution of these species and suggest some adaptations of red alder that permit flood tolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb05369.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate reductase activity, nitrogenase activity and photosynthesis of black alder exposed to chilling temperatures (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 82 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Actinorhizal (Frankia-nodulated) black alder [Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.] seedlings fertilized with 0.36 mM nitrate (low nitrate fertilizer treatment) or 7.14 mM nitrate (high nitrate fertilizer treatment) and acclimated in a growth chamber for 2 weeks were exposed to 2.5 h of night-time chilling temperatures of −1 to 4°C. Cold treatment decreased nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity) 33% for low nitrate fertilized plants and 41% for high nitrate fertilized plants. Recovery of nitrogenase activity occurred within 7 days after chilling treatment. In contrast, in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activities of leaves and fine roots increased immediately after chilling then decreased as nitrogenase activities recovered. Fine roots of alder seedlings exhibited NR activities proportional to the amounts of nitrate in the rooting medium. In contrast, the NR activities of leaves were independent of substrate and tissue nitrate levels and corresponded to nitrogenase activity in the root nodules. In a separate experiment, net photosynthesis (PS) of similarly treated black alder seedlings was measured before and after chilling treatments. Net PS declined in response to chilling by 17% for plants receiving low nitrate fertilizer and 19% for plants receiving high nitrate fertilizer. After chilling, stomatal conductance (gs) decreased by 39% and internal CO2 concentration (ci) decreased by 5% in plants receiving the high nitrate fertilizer, whereas plants receiving the low nitrate fertilizer showed no change in gs and a 13% increase in ci. Results indicate that chilling stimulates stomatal closure only at the high nitrate level and that interference with biochemical functions is probably the major impact of chilling on PS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02946.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of selected Frankia isolates from Casuarina, Allocasuarina and North American host plants to sodium chloride (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 70 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three experiments examined the effects of NaCl concentrations 0 to 500 mM on the growth of isolates of Frankia from Casuarinaceae and selected North American host plants. Four Casuarina isolates grew well in defined medium (pyruvate-BAP) but not in a yeast extract medium. Conversely the non-Casuarina isolates preferred the yeast-extract medium, although two of them grew in the defined medium. When grown in their preferred medium, the Casuarina isolates were little affected by NaCl concentrations up to 200 mM but did not grow at 500 mM. The non-Casuarina isolates, with the exception of an isolate from Purshia tridentata. were severely affected above 50 mM NaCl.Nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) by the non-Casuarina isolates could not be detected in low-N medium although protein determinations indicated that a low level of nitrogen fixation had occurred. All four Casuarina isolates showed nitrogenase activity in culture, up to 200 mM NaCl, although at that concentration of NaCl, growth was affected more than that of cultures in N-supplemented medium. All four strains showed a marked increase in nitrogenase activity up to 72 h after the addition of C2H2, with the magnitude of the effect and their subsequent behaviour being strain dependent.The results indicate that the isolates of Frankia from Casuarina and Allocasuarina, and that from Purshia tridentata, are more tolerant of NaCl than isolates from species not normally growing under sodic conditions. They provide optimism that these strains could successfully establish in saline soils if introduced with species of host plants tolerant to these soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1987.tb06144.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autumnal changes in total nitrogen, salt-extractable proteins and amino acids in leaves and adjacent bark of black alder, eastern cottonwood and white basswood (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 67 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Autumnal changes in total nitrogen, salt-extractable protein and amino acid concentrations in leaves and adjacent bark of black alder [Ainus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.], eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) and white basswood (Tilia heterophylla Vent.) were determined for trees growing on minespoils and a prairiederived loamy soil in central Illinois. The composition of free amino acids in foliage was also determined at peak concentration for each tree species during late senescence. Total nitrogen concentration in the leaves decreased slowly throughout most of the fall for all species. In the final stages of senescence, total leaf nitrogen concentrations were about halved in eastern cottonwood and white basswood but continued to decrease slowly in black alder. The concentration of salt-extractable proteins in leaves of all species peaked early in the fall and then declined prior to leaf abscission. This decline coincided with an increase in the concentration of free amino acids in the leaves. The increase stabilized in both eastern poplar and white basswood but continued in black alder. Glutamine in black alder and eastern cottonwood, and asparagine in white basswood were the most abundant free amino acids at the time of peak concentration of total free amino acids in senescent leaves. Bark of trees of all species had higher nitrogen concentrations and higher proportions of salt-extractable proteins to estimated total proteins after leaf senescence than during the preceding summer. Results indicate that autumnal fluxes in leaf and bark nitrogen fractions of alder can differ substantially from fluxes in other broadleaved winter-deciduous trees in a way which suggests that alder does not effectively conserve leaf nitrogen through retranslocation to bark tissue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb01270.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. vii 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277642
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of juglone on growthin vitro ofFrankia isolates and nodulation ofAlnus glutinosa in soil (1985)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 87 (1985), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Alder ; Allelopathy ; Frankia ; Juglone ; Root nodules ; Tolerance ; Walnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In vitro growth (total protein content) of 5Frankia isolates was significantly inhibited at 10−4 M juglone (5-hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) concentration, but the degree of inhibition varied with theFrankia isolate. Isolates fromAlnus crispa [Alnus viridis ssp.crispa (Ait.) Turril] were most tolerant of 10−4 M juglone relative to controls, while an isolate fromPurshia tridentata (Pursh.) D.C. was most inhibited, displaying a dramatic decrease in growth and greatly altered morphology. Nodulation of black alder [Alnus glutinosa L. (Gaertn.)] in an amended prairie soil inoculated with aFrankia isolate from red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) was significantly decreased by the addition of aqueous suspensions of 10−3 M and 10−4 M juglone. This decrease was partially independent of decreased plant growth. The addition of an equal volume of sand to the soil mixture further decreased nodulation of black alder.Frankia inoculation of the soil mixtures significantly increased the total number of nodules formed per seedling, and the degree of differences in seedling nodulation owing to juglone and soil treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02277650
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A liquid culture method for rescuing immature embryos of eastern cottonwood (1987)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 10 (1987), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Embryo culture ; Embryo rescue ; Ovule culture ; Populus deltoides Bartr.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A one-step method to rescue immature embryos of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) is described. Plantlets developed from 83% of 25-day-old embryos grown in shaken culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium with 2.2 μm indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and from 86% of embryos not supplemented with IAA. In contrast, when the MS medium was solidified with 0.8% agar, plantlets developed from 25% of 25-day-old embryos cultured on medium supplemented with IAA and from 28% of embryos in medium not supplemented with IAA. Eighty eight percent of all plantlets survived a gradual acclimitization to peat plugs in a greenhouse. The one-step liquid-culture method is an effective means of rescuing immature embryos by ovule culture from excised artificially-pollinated female branches in our cottonwood breeding program.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil properties and actinorhizal vegetation influence nodulation of Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus angustifolia by Frankia (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: actinorhizal plants ; Alfisol ; Alnus glutinosa ; Elaeagnus angustifolia ; Frankia ; Mollisol ; nodulation ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodulation (mean number of nodules per seedling) was 5 times greater for Elaeagnus angustifolia than for Alnus glutinosa overall when seedlings were grown in pots containing either an upland or an alluvial soil from central Illinois, USA. However, the upland Alfisol had 1.3 times greater nodulation capacity for A. glutinosa than for E. angustifolia. The presence of A. glutinosa trees on either soil was associated with a two-fold increase in nodulation capacity for E. angustifolia. Nodulation increases for soils under A. glutinosa were obtained for A. glutinosa seedlings in the Alfisol, but decreased nodulation for A. glutinosa seedlings occurred in the Mollisol. Greatest nodulation of E. angustifolia seedlings occurred near pH 6.6 for soil pH values ranging from 4.9 to 7.1, while greatest nodulation of A. glutinosa occurred at pH 4.9 over the same pH range. Nodulation was not affected by total soil nitrogen concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 0.20%. Mollisol pH was significantly lower under A. glutinosa trees than under E. angustifolia trees. For 4- to 8-year-old field-grown trees, A. glutinosa nodule weights were negatively correlated with soil pH, while for similar aged E. angustifolia trees nodulation in the acidic Alfisol was not detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010597
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of Myrica-nodulating Frankia in Hawaiian volcanic soils (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycete ; actinorhizae ; Frankia ; Myrica ; nodulation ; volcanic soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of Hawaiian volcanic soils to nodulate actinorhizal Myrica cerifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, and Alnus glutinosa was determined using a host-plant bioassay. Myrica-nodulating Frankia occurred in five volcanic deposits with depositional ages ranging from 20 to 162 years before present. The oldest deposit had a mean estimated nodulation capacity from 450 to 1200 times greater than those of the younger deposits. Only the oldest deposit had high moisture content, high organic matter content, and increased vegetative cover, including an abundance of actinorhizal M. faya. Casuarina- and Alnus-nodulating Frankia were not detected in any of these volcanic deposits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010080
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