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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 16 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: In the UK, there is a strong trend towards more thermal processing of sludge with energy recovery or advanced treatment of sludge, in preparation for use in agriculture or other outlets. This has resulted from (a) the loss of the sea-disposal outlet and (b) pressure to improve the microbiological quality of recycled biosolids to land. In 1996–97, incineration accounted for 8% of sludge, and this figure is expected to increase to 21% by the year 2005. During this period, the annual production of sludge is expected to increase from 1.12 million tDS to 1.47 million tDS. More sludge will be treated by processes such as thermal drying, thermophilic digestion, prepasteurisation and mesophilic anaerobic digestion, lime treatment and other advanced options such as gasification. These developments apply across the EU and are likely to be driven forward by the impending revision of the ‘sludge to land’Directive. The paper considers the environmental implications of these developments in terms of energy usage and recovery, air and water quality, greenhouse-gas emissions, effects on contaminants, and the quality of products or residues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Utilization on agricultural land is the principal outlet for sewage sludge in the UK, accounting for about 40% of the annual production. During the last 30 years current practice has developed to maximize the benefits to farmers whilst controlling potential problems of public nuisance, water pollution, pathogen transmission and soil contamination. Until now this has been achieved by Government guidelines but, in future, utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture will have a statutory basis following the implemention of an EC Directive in June 1989.A copy of the discussion to this paper, and a copy of the full version of the proceedings of the Symposium, can be obtained from the Institution's Headquarters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 10 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Current and future production of sludge in the UK is estimated, and it is predicted that recycling to agricultural land and incineration (with energy recovery) will be the major disposal options for sludge in the future. Environmental pressures on sludge recycling to land may lead to restrictions on applications in terms of nitrogen content and more stringent limits for metals in soils. Attention to sludge quality and the development of quality management practices in utilization or disposal operations will help to minimize environmental concerns and facilitate sludge disposal to all outlets. Focal points for quality assurance in sludge recycling operations are listed, and environmental pressures on sludge use in agriculture are discussed in detail. Use in agriculture involves recycling a secondary resource, and calling the resource ‘biosolids’ is part of promoting this excellent example of good environmental management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 260 (1976), S. 518-520 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The three sludges tested (Table 1) came from a treatment plant receiving mixed domestic and industrial effluent, and they have all been used agriculturally. A single potting soil was chosen for this investigation because its properties (loam, pH 6.7, organic matter 4.1%) placed it near the centre ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 117-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In intensively populated countries efficient sewage treatment is essential to protect river quality. An inevitable by-product is sewage sludge which has to be disposed of safely and economically. Utilisation of sludge as a fertilizer of agricultural land is the most economic disposal route for inland sewage-treatment works and also benefits farmers by providing a cheap manure. Much of the cadmium in wastewater is concentrated into sludge which consequently contains higher concentrations of cadmium than soil does. It is impracticable to reduce cadmium concentrations in sludge below certain levels. When sludge is used on farmland rates of application must be controlled so that cadmium concentrations in soil never reach levels that could significantly contaminate food crops. Cadmium is a principal factor limiting the use of sludge on land. Nevertheless, it is a local problem since agricultural land in general receives more cadmium from aerial deposition and phosphatic fertilizers. The significance of accumulations of cadmium in soil depends mainly on its availability for crop uptake. Investigations are described which have attempted to identify and to determine the availability of forms of cadmium in soil. There is considerable research interest in cadmium in soil solution which is likely to be directly available for crop uptake. Another area of interest is the apparent disappearance of cadmium from sludge-treated soil. Soil analysis often cannot fully account for the cadmium added in sludge. Apart from the effect of soil conditions, especially pH value, crop uptake varies according to the particular crop examined. Highest concentrations of cadmium occur in tobacco, lettuce, spinach and other leafy vegetables. Using crop uptake data from field trials it is possible to relate potential human dietary intake of cadmium, on which hazard depends, to soil concentrations of cadmium, which can be controlled by regulating applications of sludge. This provides an objective basis for limits for cadmium concentrations in soils receiving sludge. Transfer of cadmium via farm animals to meat and dairy products for human consumption is thought to be minimal, even allowing for some direct ingestion of sludge-treated soil by the animals. Evidence from these and other investigations suggests that a loading rate limit of 5 kg Cd/ha (equivalent to a soil concentration of about 3.5 mg Cd/kg) affords adequate protection to the foodchain where sludge is used on agricultural land. More research work is needed to provide a basis for predicting the long-term availability of cadmium introduced to the soil in sludge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Availability ; Copper ; Extractability ; Sewage sludge ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Dried digested sewage sludge (cake) was mixed, in varied proportions, with three contrasting soils and cropped intermittently to ryegrass or young barley over a period of 710 days. Results are presented for periods 1–4, 13–16 and 22–23 months after the sludge and soil were mixed. At any given time the quantities of Cu or Zn that wereextractable (by EDTA or acetic acid) from a given soil showed a simple relationship to the ‘total’ quantities of Cu and Zn present. Theavailability of these elements to test crops also showed a simple relationship to their ‘total’ quantities. As a result the quantities available or extractable at any given time appeared to be related to each other also. However, though the extractabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, and the availabilities of Cu and Zn changed with time in some cases, the changes were not matched. Increased extractability did not necessarily lead to increased uptake, and in some cases uptake increased even when extractability did not. It should not be assumed too readily therefore that because, at a given time after a soil is sludged, the quantities of added Cu and Zn that are extractable or available are sometimes correlated, the former actually measures the latter.There is no reason to assume that extractants remove all or only the forms of combination of Cu or Zn that may be taken up by crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 49 (1978), S. 395-408 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Theupper critical level of a potentially toxic element is its minimum concentration in actively growing tissues of a plant at which yield is reduced. The following values for upper critical levels in the leaves and shoots of spring barley at the five-leaf stage were determined by means of sand culture experiments in the glasshouse: Ag 4; As 20; B 80; Ba 500; Be 0.6; Cd 15; Co 6; Cr 10; Cu 20; Hg 3; Li 4; Mo 135; Ni 26; Pb 35; Se 30; Sn 63; Tl 20; V 2; Zn 290; Zr 15ppm of dry matter. They are presented as the basis of a simple procedure for monitoring harmful accumulations of these elements in the soil environment. We also present the concentrations of simple solutions of these elements which induced toxicity under the conditions of the experiments. There was little uptake of Bi, Sb and Te even from solutions that reduced the yield of young barley. It is believed that these elements may have reduced the availability or translocation of other nutrient elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 48 (1977), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil treated with three kinds of sewage sludge (activated, liquid digested, filtered digested sludge) was cropped three times with young barley. All three sludges produced a P-response, and a small N-response. For the first crop this was more marked with the liquid sludges than the filter-cake, from which the soluble nutrients had been removed in the filtrate. It was not possible to separate fully the effects of N and P in heavy sludge applications from possible harmful effects of heavy metals, but there was no certain harm from five times the recommended maximum application, and certainly no harm from lesser applications. Even after 12 months the fractions ‘avilable’/‘total’ Cu, Ni and Zn added in the sludges were greater (0.8, 0.2, 0.4) than those ‘native’ in the soil, but their availabilities to young barley had substantially decreased during that period. By the end of 12 months there appeared to be no differences between the availabilities of these elements from different sludges, whatever may have been their original forms of combination. Relative to the total amount present, the concentration of Ni in water extracts of the soils was considerably greater than that of Zn and Cu. re]19760505
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-12-30
    Description: Inadequate knowledge of the phase state of atmospheric particles represents a source of uncertainty in global climate and air quality models. Hygroscopic aqueous inorganic particles are often assumed to remain liquid throughout their atmospheric lifetime or only (re)crystallize at low relative humidity (RH) due to the kinetic limitations of efflorescence...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1984-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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