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  • 1
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    Alternating irrigation water quality as a method to control solute concentrations and mass fluxes below irrigated fields: A numerical study (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-05
    Description: The aim of the present numerical study was to extend the data-driven protocol for the control of soil salinity [ Russo et al ., 2015], to control chloride and nitrate concentrations and mass fluxes below agricultural fields irrigated with treated waste water (TWW). The protocol is based on alternating irrigation water quality between TWW and desalinized water (DSW), guided by solute concentrations at soil depth, z s . Two different schemes, the first requires measurements of soil solution concentrations of chloride and nitrate at z s , while, the second scheme requires only measurements of soil solution EC at z s , were investigated. For this purpose, 3-D numerical simulations of flow and transport were performed for variably saturated, spatially heterogeneous, flow domains located at two different field sites. The sites differ in crop type, irrigation method and in their lithology; these differences, in turn, considerably affect the performance of the proposed schemes, expressed in terms of their ability to reduce solute concentrations that drained below the root zone. Results of the analyses suggest that the proposed data-driven schemes allow the use of low-quality water for irrigation, while minimizing the consumption of high-quality water to a level, which, for given climate, soil, crop, irrigation method, and water quality, may be determined by the allowable nitrate and chloride concentrations in the groundwater. The results of the present study indicate that with respect to the diminution of groundwater contamination by chloride and nitrate, the more data demanding, first scheme is superior the second scheme. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Balancing water scarcity and quality for sustainable irrigated agriculture (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-23
    Description: The challenge of meeting the projected doubling of global demand for food by 2050 is monumental. It is further exacerbated by the limited prospects for land expansion and rapidly dwindling water resources. A promising strategy for increasing crop yields per unit land requires the expansion of irrigated agriculture and the harnessing of water sources previously considered “marginal” (saline, treated effluent, and desalinated water). Such an expansion, however, must carefully consider potential long-term risks on soil hydro-ecological functioning. The study provides critical analyses of use of marginal water and management approaches to map out potential risks. Long-term application of treated effluent ( TE ) for irrigation has shown adverse impacts on soil transport properties, and introduces certain health risks due to the persistent exposure of soil biota to anthropogenic compounds (e.g., promoting antibiotic resistance). The availability of desalinated water ( DS ) for irrigation expands management options, and improves yields while reducing irrigation amounts and salt loading into the soil. Quantitative models are used to delineate trends associated with long-term use of TE and DS considering agricultural, hydrological and environmental aspects. The primary challenges to the sustainability of agro-ecosystems lies with the hazards of saline and sodic conditions, and the unintended consequences on soil hydro-ecological functioning. Multidisciplinary approaches that combine new scientific knowhow with legislative, economic and societal tools are required to ensure safe and sustainable use of water resources of different qualities. The new scientific knowhow should provide quantitative models for integrating key biophysical processes with ecological interactions at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 3
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    On the effect of connectivity on solute transport in spatially heterogeneous combined unsaturated-saturated flow systems (2015)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-25
    Description: Detailed numerical analyses of flow and transport were used to investigate the effect of spatially connected features on transport in three-dimensional (3-D), spatially heterogeneous, combined vadose zone-groundwater flow systems. Formations with spatially connected fine- and coarse-textured features (F- and C-formations, respectively), representing the10th and the 90th percentiles of the distributions of the formation's hydraulic parameters, respectively, were considered here. Results of the analyses suggest that in steady-state flow, when the unsaturated zone of the combined flow domains is relatively wet, as compared with a Multivariate-Gaussian (MG) formation, spatially connected features may reduce the solute first arrival time, particularly in the C-formation, and may enhance the spreading of the solute breakthrough, particularly in the F-formation. The effect of the spatially connected features on the hydrological response, however, decreases as the unsaturated zone becomes drier. The latter result stems from the decrease in the fraction of the water-filled, pore-space occupied by the connected structures, with decreasing water content. The latter finding also explains the result that the response of more realistic, combined flow systems, whose unsaturated zone is associated with relatively low, intermittent water contents, is essentially independent of the spatially connected features of the formations, regardless of their soil texture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 4
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    Effect of pulse release date and soil characteristics on solute transport in a combined vadose zone-groundwater flow system: Insights from numerical simulations (2011)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2011-05-24
    Description: The transport of a conservative tracer (bromide) in a three-dimensional, heterogeneous combined vadose zone-groundwater flow system was analyzed through a series of detailed numerical simulations. The scope of the present study was to analyze the effect of both the soil type and the pulse application date on solute movement and spreading in the combined flow system subject to time-dependent, external forcing conditions, F(t) (characterized by a time period, $\tau _{p}$), imposed on a flat soil surface. Of particular interest were the suitability of the time-invariance assumption of the solute travel time distribution and the related issue of the capability of an equivalent, steady state vadose zone flow model to describe solute transport in a realistic flow system. Considering flow systems in which the water table is located at sufficiently large distance from the flat soil surface, the main results of this study suggest that the velocity associated with the wetting front position, which may be considered as an “effective” velocity, is soil- and calendar date-dependent. Consequently, characteristics of the transport (i.e., solute displacement and spreading, first- and peak-arrival times) are soil- and pulse release date-dependent. The soil-dependent solute travel time PDF at a CP located in the vicinity of the water table, however, may be considered as essentially independent of the pulse release date, particularly in the fine-textured (clay) soil associated with mean travel time, $\tau _0$ that substantially exceeds $\tau _{p}$. Furthermore, for $\tau _{0} > \tau _{p}$, the equivalent steady state definition of the flow problem may be quite effective in describing the solute travel time PDF of the actual transport process occurring under nonmonotonous, transient flow conditions.
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  • 5
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    On the mechanism of field-scale solute transport: Insights from numerical simulations and field observations (2014)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-06
    Description: Field-scale transport of conservative and reactive solutes through a deep vadose zone was analyzed by means of two different model processes for the local description of the transport. The first is the advection dispersion equation (ADE) model, and the second is the mobile-immobile (MIM) model. The analyses were performed by means of three-dimensional (3-D), numerical simulations of flow and transport considering realistic features of the flow system, pertinent to a turf field irrigated with treated sewage effluents (TSE). Simulated water content and concentration profiles were compared with available measurements of their counterparts. Results of the analyses suggest that the behavior of both solutes in the deep vadose zone of the Glil Yam site is better quantified by the MIM model than by the ADE model. Reconstruction of the shape of the measured solute concentration profiles using the MIM model required relatively small mass transfer coefficient, γ, and relatively large volume fraction of the immobile water, θ im . This implies that for an initially non-zero solute concentration profile, as compared with the MIM model, the ADE model may significantly overestimate the rate at which solutes are loaded in the groundwater. On the contrary, for an initially zero solute concentration profile, as compared with the MIM model, the ADE model may significantly underestimate solute velocities and early arrival times to the water table. These findings stem from the combination of relatively small γ and relatively large θ im taken into account in the MIM model. In the first case, this combination forces a considerable portion of the solute mass to reside in the immobile region of the water-filled pore space, while the opposite is true in the second case.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 6
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    Irrigation with desalinated water: A step toward increasing water saving and crop yields (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-23
    Description: We examined the impact of two different approaches to managing irrigation water salinity: salt leaching from the field (“conventional” management) and water desalination before field application (“alternative” management). Fresh water commonly used for irrigation (FW) and desalinated water (DS) were applied to the high-water-demanding crop banana at four different rates. Both irrigation rate and water salinity significantly affected yield. DS application consistently produced higher yields than FW, independently of irrigation rate. The highest yield for FW irrigation was achieved with the highest irrigation rate, whereas the same yield was obtained in the case of DS irrigation with practically half the amount of water. Yield decreased with FW irrigation, even when the water salinity, EC i , was lower than the limit considered safe for soil and crops Irrigating with FW provided a massive amount of salt which accumulated in the rhizosphere, inducing increased osmotic potential of the soil solution and impairing plant water uptake. Furthermore, applying the “conventional” management, a significant amount of salt is leached from the rhizosphere, accumulating in deeper soil layers, and eventually reaching groundwater reservoirs, thus contributing to the deterioration of both soil and water quality. Removal of salt excess from the water before it reaches the field by means of DS irrigation may save significant amounts of irrigation water by reducing the salt leaching requirements while increasing yield and improving fruit quality, and decreasing salt load in the groundwater. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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  • 7
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    On the Control of Solute Mass Fluxes and Concentrations Below Fields Irrigated With Low-Quality Water: A Numerical Study (2017)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-10
    Description: The main goal of this study was to test the performance of irrigation water-based and soil-based approaches to control nitrate and chloride mass fluxes and concentrations below the root zone of agricultural fields irrigated with treated waste water (TWW). Using numerical simulations of flow and transport in relatively a fine-textured, unsaturated, spatially heterogeneous, flow domain, scenarios examined include: (i) irrigating with TWW only (REF); (ii) irrigation water is substituted between TWW and desalinized water (ADW); (iii) soil includes a capillary barrier (CB) and irrigating with TWW only (CB+TWW); and (iv) combination of (ii) and a CB (CB+ADW). Considering groundwater quality protection, plausible goals are: (i) to minimize solute discharges leaving the root zone, and, (ii) to maximize the probability that solute concentrations leaving the root zone will not exceed a prescribed, critical value. Results of the analyses suggest that in the case of a seasonal crop (a corn field) subject to irrigations only, with respect to the first goal, the CB+TWW and CB+ADW scenarios provide similar, excellent results, better than the ADW scenario; with respect to the second goal, however, the CB+ADW scenario gave substantially better results than the CB+TWW scenario. In the case a multi-year, perennial crop (a citrus orchard), subject to a sequence of irrigation and rainfall periods, for both solutes, and, particularly, nitrate, with respect to the two goals, both the ADW and CB+ADW scenarios perform better than the CB+TWW scenario. As compared with the REF and CB+TWW scenarios, the ADW and CB+ADW scenarios substantially reduce nitrogen mass fluxes to the groundwater and to the atmosphere, and, essentially, did not reduce nitrogen mass fluxes to the trees. Similar results, even better, were demonstrated for a relatively coarse-textured, spatially heterogeneous soil.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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  • 8
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    Assessment of solute fluxes beneath an orchard irrigated with treated sewage water: A numerical study (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-11
    Description: Detailed numerical simulations were used to analyze water flow and transport of nitrate, chloride and a tracer solute in a three-dimensional (3-D), spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated soil, originating from a citrus orchard irrigated with treated sewage water (TSW) considering realistic features of the soil-water-plant-atmosphere system. Results of this study suggest that under long-term irrigation with TSW, because of nitrate uptake by the trees' roots and nitrogen transformations, the vadose zone may provide more capacity for the attenuation of the nitrate load in the groundwater than for the chloride load in the groundwater. Results of the 3-D simulations were used to assess their counterparts based on a simplified, deterministic one-dimensional (1-D) vertical simulation and on limited soil monitoring. Results of the analyses suggest that the information which may be gained from a single sampling point (located close to the area active in water uptake by the trees' roots), or from the results of the 1-D simulation, is insufficient for a quantitative description of the response of the complicated, 3-D flow system. Both may considerably underestimate the movement and spreading of a pulse of a tracer solute, and might considerably underestimate the groundwater contamination hazard posed by nitrate, and, particularly, by chloride moving through the vadose zone. This stems mainly from the rain that drove water through the flow system away from the rooted area, and could not be represented by the 1-D model, or by the single sampling point. It was shown, however, that an additional sampling point, located outside the area active in water uptake, may substantailly improve the quantitative description of the response of the complicated 3-D flow system.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and aluminum chloride induced rearrangement of cyclopropylpyridines (1974)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 39 (1974), S. 3110-3114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00935a011
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mouse Kell blood group gene (Kel): cDNA sequence, genomic organization, expression, and enzymatic function (2000)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 52 (2000), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Mouse Kell blood group system Kel gene Endothelin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The human Kell blood group system is important in transfusion medicine, since Kell is a polymorphic protein and some of its antigens can cause severe reactions if mismatched blood is transfused, while maternal alloimmunization may lead to fetal and neonatal anemia. In humans, Kell is an M r 93,000 type II membrane glycoprotein with endothelin-3-converting enzyme activity that is linked by a single disulfide bond to another protein, XK, that spans the membrane ten times. An absence of XK leads to clinical symptoms termed the McLeod syndrome. We determined the cDNA sequence of the mouse Kell homologue, the organization of the gene, expression of the protein and its enzymatic function on red cells. Comparison of human and mouse Kell cDNA showed 80% nucleotide and 74% amino acid sequence identity. Notable differences are that the mouse Kell protein has eight probable N-linked carbohydrate side chains, compared to five for human Kell, and that the mouse homologue has one more extracellular cysteine than human Kell protein. The mouse Kell gene (Kel), like its human counterpart, is similarly organized into 19 exons. Kel was located to proximal Chromosome 6. Northern blot analysis showed high expression in spleen and weaker levels in testis and heart. Western blot analysis of red cell membrane proteins demonstrated that mouse Kell glycoprotein has an apparent M r of 110,000 and, on removal of N-linked sugars, 80,000. As in human red cells, Kell is disulfide-linked to XK and mouse red cells have endothelin-3-converting enzyme activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002510000251
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