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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wood flour as a low-cost reinforcing filler for polyethylene: studies on mechanical properties (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 1851-1855 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Wood flour was used as a reinforcing filler for high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Different fibre treatments were carried out to improve the bonding at the polymer-fibre interface. Wood flour composites coated with alkoxy-silane coupling agents (silane A-172 and A-174) generally showed higher tensile strength and modulus values. A significant improvement in tensile properties was achieved with the addition of polymethylenepolyphenyl isocyanate. The Izod impact strength of the composites decreased with an increase in filler concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045396
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modification of wood fiber surface by grafting and its effect on mechanical properties of polystyrene filled system (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 173 (1989), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polystyrol (PS) wurde mit gepfropftem thermomechanischem Zitterpappel- und Birkenzellstoff verstärkt bzw. gefüllt. Die Abhängigkeit der Zugfestigkeitseigenschaften der Verbundstoffe von verschiedenen Gehalten an Füllstoff, vom Polymergehalt der gepfropften Faser, von der Anwesenheit von Homopolymerem in der gepfropften Faser und von der Imprägnierung der Fasern mit PS wurde untersucht. PS, das mit gepfropftem Zitterpappel- und Birkenzellstoff gefüllt war, zeigte eine deutliche Verbesserung der Zugfestigkeit und des Spannungswertes. Die Bruchenergie und die Dehnung der Verbundstoffe nahm mit Zunahme der Konzentration an Füllstoff ab.
    Notes: Polystyrene (PS) was reinforced/filled with grafted thermomechanical pulp (TMP) of aspen and birch. The dependence of tensile properties of composites on different loadings of filler, on polymer loading in grafted fiber, on the presence of homopolymer in grafted fiber, and on impregnation of fibers with PS were studied. PS filled with grafted aspen and birch (lower polymer loading) showed a significant increase in tensile strength and modulus. Fracture energy and elongation of the composites decreased with an increase in the concentration of filler.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1989.051730108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The xanthate method of grafting. VI. The copolymer-homopolymer ratio (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 21 (1977), S. 2991-3002 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wood pulp was compolymerized with butyl acrylate as monomer. The xanthate redox method was employed to initiate the reaction. The effect of reaction time and temperature on the relative yield of grafted polymer and homopolymer was investigated. In the lower temperature region (15°-25°C), induction periods ranged from 10 to 30 min. No induction periods were observed at higher temperatures (40° and 60°C). The copolymer/homopolymer ratio was found to depend on both time and temperature. A considerable amount of homopolymer was formed in the initial stage of the reaction. Increased reaction temperature resulted in lower grafting efficiency. Similarly, both graft and homopolymer molecular weight decreased with rising reaction temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1977.070211114
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of coupling agents and treatments on the mechanical properties of cellulose fiber-polystyrene composites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 751-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Wood fibers of aspen in the form of chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) and Tembec 6816 have been used as reinforcing fillers in different varieties of polystyrene. The tensile strength, elongation, and energy at maximum point, as well as tensile modulus at 0.1% strain is reported. Also revealed is the optimum condition of compression molding. The influence of different coupling agents, such as poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)], silanes (A-172, A-174, A-1100), and grating on the mechanical properties of composites is discussed. The extent of increase in mechanical properties depends on the weight percentage of fibers, the concentration of coupling agents, and the grafting level (add-on %). Coating followed by an isocyanate treatment appears to be the best treatment. In addition, the isocyanate treatment and grafting are superior to the silane treatment. Experimental results are explained on the basis of possible interactions among cellulose fiber-coupling agent-polymer in the interfacial area.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370313
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on the effect of aging on mechanical properties of LLDPE-glass fiber, mica, and wood fiber composites (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 40 (1990), S. 645-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was reinforced with wood fiber, glass fiber, and mica. The effect of aging on mechanical properties of the composites was examined under different conditions: (i) exposure at 105°C for 7 days; (ii) immersion in boiling water for 4 h. Samples containing glass fibers showed by far the best results with regard to tensile strength, elongation, and fracture energy. LLDPE filled with mica produced poor results compared to wood fiber composites. Dimensional stability of LLDPE-wood fiber composites, after boiling water treatment, was inferior to mica and glass fiber composites.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1990.070400502
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermoplastic composties of polystyrene: Effect of different wood species on mechanical properties (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 38 (1989), S. 413-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Both softwood (spruce) and hardwood (aspen and birch) species in the form of different pulps (e.g., sawdust, chemithermomechanical pulp, explosion pulp and OPCO pulp) have been used (10-40 wt% composite) as reinforcing fillers for thermoplastic composites of polystyrene. Mechanical properties, are examined, e.g., tensile modulus, tensile strength at maximum point, and the corresponding elongation and energy as well as impact strength of compression molded composites. To improve the compatability of wood fibers which are hydrophilic and the polymer matrix which is hydrophobic, poly[methylene(polyphenyl isoeyanate)] (2 and 8 wt % of polymer) was used as a coupling agent. The mechanical properties of the treated composites are improved up to 30% in fiber content whereas a downward trend for untreated composites was observed when an increase in fiber content occurred. The overall improvements in mechanical properties due to the addition of isocyanate can be explained by the linkage of isocyanate molecules with fiber matrix through the chain of covalent bonds and the interaction of π-electrons of benzene rings of polystyrene as well as isocyanate. As a result, poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)] forms a bridge between fiber and polymer on the interfaces. This result is instrumental for efficient stress transfer between cellulose fibers and thermoplastics. The performance of different pulps of various wood species as reinforcing fillers for thermoplastic composites is also examined.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070380303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of wood fibers in thermoplastics. VII. The effect of coupling agents in polyethylene-wood fiber composites (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 37 (1989), S. 1089-1103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) was reinforced with different wood fibers, aspen chemithermomechanical pulp (bleached and unbleached), and other commerical wood pulps. Silane coupling agents A-172, A-174, A-1100, and polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate were used to improve the bonding between the fiber and matrix. LLDPE filled with pretreated wood fiber produced a significant improvement in tensile strength and modulus. Comparison of tensile and impact properties of wood fiber composites with mica and glass fiber composites shows the potential advantage (in terms of material cost and specific properties) of wood fiber as a reinforcement.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070370420
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some water-soluble copolymers from lignin (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 32 (1986), S. 4815-4826 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The utilization of lignin materials would be enhanced if lignin properties could be altered through chemical modification. Towards this end, lignosulfonate, recovered from spent pulping liquors, was grafted with acrylamide or acrylic acid, using redox initiation. Study was made of the effects of some reaction variables (such as reaction medium, lignin/monomer ratio, and initiator concentration) on the copolymerization efficiency and on the copolymer characteristics. Lignosulfonate having bivalent counterions yielded better copolymerization results than that having univalent cations. Aqueous solutions of graft copolymers displayed high viscosities, and exhibited promising stability during storage and against shearing, suggesting the potential use of copolymers as water-thickening agents.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1986.070320504
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of wood fibers in thermoplastic composites: VI. Isocyanate as a bonding agent for polyethylene-wood fiber composites (1988)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 9 (1988), S. 404-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Linear low density (LLDPE) and high density (HDPE) polyethylenes were reinforced with wood fibers of aspen chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp. The different isocyantes: (i) polymethylene (polyphenyl isocyanate), (ii) tolene -2-4-diisocyanate, (iii) 1-6 hexamethylene-diisocyanate, and (iv) ethyl isocyanate used as bonding agents improved the tensile properties of the composites. HDPE performed better in comparison with LLDPE composites. Also, shorter fibers (mesh size 60) produced higher tensile strength and modulus in HDPE. The comparison of HDPE reinforced with aspen, mica, and glass fibers showed the effectiveness of wood fibers in terms of their cost and performance.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750090606
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composites of poly(vinyl chloride) and wood fibers. Part II: Effect of chemical treatment (1990)
    Brookfield, Conn. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Composites 11 (1990), S. 84-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0272-8397
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study examines the influence of different cellulose treatments, including coating by latex or by grafting with polymer/vinyl monomers, as well as with various additive dispersants (e.g., stearic acid or anhydrides) and coupling agents (e.g., maleic anhydride, abietic acid, and linoleic acid). The mechanical properties are examined for poly(vinyl chloride) treated hardwood (chemithermomechanical pulp and sawdust). In most cases, properties are improved compared with untreated composites. Among all methods, grafting was found to be the most effective. Coupling agents show better performance compared with dispersants. Linoleic acid is believed to be the best coupling agent.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.750110203
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