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1

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Allowance-intake relations of cattle grazing vegetative tall fescue (1992)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; LAURIAULT, L. M. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Herbage allowance is one of the important pasture factors in the determination of intake by grazing livestock. Ingestive behaviour of 12 adult Angus cows (Bos taurus) was measured over a range of allowances (0·25 to 0·72 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg live weight (LW) for a 1-h period) of vegetative tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A balanced change-over design was used to estimate direct, residual and permanent effects of herbage allowance on rate of DM intake, rate of biting and herbage DM intake per bite. In Experiment 1, herbage DM intake per meal increased linearly from 0·68 to 1·72 kg (100 kg LW)−1 as DM allowance increased from 0·25 to 0·72 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1. Cows grazed at ·30 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 and stopped grazing when the sward was reduced to a height about 10 to 12 cm above the soil surface, approximately defined by the tops of pseudostems. In Experiment 2, herbage DM intake rates of 0·29, 0·47 and 0·42 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 were recorded as cows grazed allowances of 0·43, 0·70 and 0·90 kg (100 kg LW)−1 h−1 for most of the 1-h grazing period. Limiting herbage DM allowances in Experiment 2 were associated with small reductions in rate of biting and herbage DM intake per bite as allowance declined. Sward DM density (〉5 cm) was an important variable in the determination of herbage DM intake rates at lower herbage allowances.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02265.x

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Effects of supplementation on the ingestive behaviour of grazing steers (1988)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; FORBES, T. D. A. ; CORNELIUS, P. L. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Herbage intake is usually depressed when beef cattle grazing abundant pastures are supplemented with energy-rich feedstuffs but relatively little is known about the effects of supplementation on the components of ingestive behaviour. An experiment was conducted to establish the effect of ground corn (Zea mays L.) on the ingestive behaviour of yearling Angus and Angus × Hereford steers (Bos taurus) (mean live weight (LW) of 323 kg) grazing autumn stockpiled Boone cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) using a tethered grazing system in which the experimental unit was the tethered steer and its grazing area (45 m2) for one grazing session. Herbage dry matter (DM) mass was 1662 kg ha−1 and herbage DM allowance was 7–5 kg steer−1 for each grazing session. Herbage DM intake was measured as the difference between herbage DM mass offered and refused. Grazing took place during two daily sessions each of about 2 h duration commencing at 08.00 and 14.00 h for 9 days. Ground corn (0, 1·5, 3·0 and 4·5 kg steer−1) was fed each day at 12.00 h and had no significant (P 〈 0·05) effect on rate of DM intake, rate of biting or DM intake per bite. Mean DM intake was 6 2 kg steer−1 d−1 (87 mg (kg LW)−1 min−1). Steers averaged 4832 bites per grazing session, with a mean DM intake per bite of 644 mg (2·0 mg (kg LW)−1) and a mean rate of 44 bites min−1. Data obtained at the beginning and end of each grazing period on ingestive behaviour of one group of four steers (mean LW of 306 kg) fitted with oesophageal fistulae supported data for the two groups of normal steers and showed no response to supplementation. Mean values for rate of DM intake, DM intake per bite and rate of biting established for the fistulated cattle were 73 mg (kg LW)−1 min−1, 521 mg bite−1 (1·7 mg (kg LW)−1) and 39 bites min−1, respectively.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01890.x

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The effects of poloxalene on ingestion by cattle grazing Lucerne (1992)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; COLLINS, M. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 47 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The mechanisms that terminate meals of cattle grazing lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) are not well defined. Sub-acute bloat may lead to cessation of grazing and, consequently, surface active substances used in the treatment and prevention of bloat, such as poloxalene, may extend grazing meals and increase herbage intake. Twelve mature Angus cows (Bos taurus) were offered 0, 12·5 and 25·0 g poloxalene in 0·5 kg of crushed maize (Zea mays L.) kernels each day, immediately before two consecutive 1-h measured parts of a grazing meal on 21- to 24-day-old lucerne swards with a herbage dry matter (DM) mass (〉 5 cm) of 2·03 t ha−1 and herbage DM mass allowance of 3·55 kg hd−1h−1. Total herbage DM intake was 2·52 kg hd−1 during the first hour and 1·54 kg hd−1 during the second hour of the 2-h grazing meal. Differences in herbage intake were attributable to a cessation of grazing. Mean rates of biting were 26·3 and 14·8 bites min−1 and mean DM intakes per bite were 1·82 and 4·38 g during the first and second part of meals, respectively. Poloxalene treatments caused a small linear decline in grazing time during the first part of meals and a larger increase in grazing time during the second part of meals. Lower rates of DM intake caused by poloxalene were offset by increases in grazing time. It was concluded that poloxalene moderated ingestive behaviour within grazing meals of immature lucerne and this response may have been at least partly due to the relief of sub-acute bloat.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1992.tb02261.x

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Moderation of ingestive behaviour of beef ca le by grazing-induced changes in lucerne swards (1990)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; COLLINS, M. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 45 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Intensive grazing of pastures may cause drastic and rapid changes in swards which have major effects on ingestive behaviour and diet. Twelve adult Angus cows (Bos Taurus), mean live weight of 482±19 kg, were allowed to graze on swards of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) that were not grazed (TO), or had been grazed previously for 1 h (T1), or 2 h (T2) in a balanced changeover design. Herbage dry ma er (DM) masses (〉5 cm) were 2611, 1895 and 1441 kg ha−1; leaf fractions were 0-48, 0-29 and 0-14; and herbage DM allowances per animal were 10·6, 7·9 and 6·0 kg h−1 for TO, T1 and T2, respectively. During a 1 h measured grazing session that followed an overnight fast, cows ingested 2-93, 1·71 and 0·66 kg DM h−1 with herbage DM intakes per bite of 1·6, 0·9 and 0·4 g for T0, T1. and T2, respectively. Rates of biting did not respond to sward treatment and averaged 30 bites min−1. Intake of leaf DM was estimated at 98, 70 and 6% of total DM intake for the same treatment sequence. Utilization of herbage allowance was 0·29, 0·23 and 0·12, for TO, T1 and T2, respectively. Metabolzable energy (ME) intake per animal was 30, 17 and 5 MJ h−1 and ME intake per bite was 16, 9 and 3 KJ for TO, T1 and T2, respectively. Data show that grazing-induced differences in sward characteristics moderate both ingestive behaviour and diet.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1990.tb02194.x

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5

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Ingestive behaviour of beef cattle grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (1988)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; SMITH, E. M. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 43 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Development of simulation models of grazing beef cattle requires measurement of the components of the ingestive process and the establishment of relationships between these components and the structure of the sward. The ingestive behaviour of eight half-sib Angus steers (live weight (LW), x̄= 270 kg) grazing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was studied at three stages of maturity (26, 40 and 47 days of regrowth) and at four allowances of herbage dry matter (DM) (1·0, 1·5, 20 and 2·5 kg per 100 kg LW) at each of two daily grazing sessions. A tethering system of grazing was used in which the experimental unit was a tethered steer and its plot for one grazing session. Grazing sessions commenced at 08.00 and 14.00 h EDT. Intake (DM) increased linearly from 1·98 kg per steer session at a DM allowance of 1 kg (100 kg LW)−1 to 2 89 kg steer session at an allowance of 2·5 kg (100 kg LW) −1 as utilization of herbage declined linearly from 0·69 to 0·43. Herbage DM in take per bite increased from 1 0 g at 1 kg (100 kg LW) −1 allowance to 1·5 g at 2·5 kg (100 kg LW) −1 allowance. Rates of biting were not affected by herbage allowance and averaged 21 bites min−1. Dry matter intake increased from 1·77 to 3 41 kg per steer session as the alfalfa matured and herbage mass changed from 1500 to 4656 kg ha−1. Mean rates of biting were 24 bites min−1 for steers grazing the youngest alfalfa and 16 bites min−1 for steers on the oldest forage. Herbage DM intakes per bite were 1·1 g and 1·7 g at the same stages. Rates of DM intake approached 2 kg h−1 and maximum daily DM intake was estimated at 2 75 kg (100 kg LW) −1. Intake of alfalfa was limited by allowance and mass of herbage above a canopy horizon of 20 cm and, to a lesser extent, by the length of fast.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1988.tb01879.x

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Short-term fasts and the ingestive behaviour of grazing cattle (1989)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; CORNELIUS, P. L. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Twelve tethered Angus cows (Bos taurus)weighing 471 ± 18 kg were used in a balanced changeover design to estimate the direct (D), residual (R), and permanent (P) effects of 1,2, and 3 h fasts following 2 h grazing sessions on the ingestive behaviour of cattle grazing swards of endophyte-(Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb. cv Kentucky 31) (Exp I) and lucerne (Medicago sativaL. cv Arc) (Exp II). Herbage dry-matter (DM) mass (〉 5 cm) and individual herbage DM allowances were 1-16 t ha-1 and 50 kg per hour in Exp I and 1-861 ha-1 and 78 kg per hour in Exp II, respectively. In Exp I, P effects of fasting followed trends of R effects since the D effects were small. Mean DM intake rates (P) were 2-2., 1-8, and 1-3 kg h-1 for cows given 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. Mean intakes (DM) per bite (P) were 082, 071, and 045 g bite-1 for cows assigned 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. Rates of biting were not affected by fasting and averaged 45 bites min”’. In Exp II, P effects followed trends in D effects since R effects were small. Mean DM intake rates (P) were 20, 22, and 3-0 kg for cows subjected to 1,2, and 3 h of fast, respectively. Rates of biting (P) were 24, 27, and 32 bites min-1 for cows after 1, 2, and 3 h fasts, respectively. DM intakes per bite (P) were not affected by fasts and averaged 1-46 g bite-1. The behavioural responses of cattle to interval between meals were attributed to differences in flow characteristics of ingesta of lucerne and tall fescue in the gastrointestinal tract.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb02167.x

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Ingestive behaviour of beef cattle offered different forms of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (1989)

DOUGHERTY, C. T. ; BRADLEY, N. W. ; CORNELIUS, P. L. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Grass and forage science 44 (1989), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: A change-over design was used to establish the ingestive behaviour of twelve adult Angus cows (Bos taurus), live weight (LW) of 475 ± 18 kg, while grazing luceme (Medicago sativa L.) (T1), eating from a swath of freshly cut lucerne (T2), or eating wilted lucerne from a swath (T3). In the first experiment, the herbage dry matter (DM) allowance was 4-7 kg h−1 and in T1 the available herbage DM mass (〉5 cm) was 2892 kg ha−1. Herbage DM intake was 2.5, 1.6 and 2.0 kg h−1 (0.53,0.35 and 0.41 kg (100 kg LW)−1h−1) for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Cattle grazed at 29 bites min−1 and ate the swathed lucerne at 6 bites min−1. Herbage DM intake per bite was 1-2, 4-9 and 6-7 (2-5,104 and 14-4 mg(kg LW)−1)for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The DM content of the luceme was 227, 263 and 309 g kg−1 for the same sequence. In a second experiment with luceme of available herbage DM mass of 5321 kg ha−1 and an allowance of 7- 3 kg h−1 cows grazed lucerne at 2-9 kg h−1, ate freshly cut material at 21 kg h−1 and wilted herbage at 25 kg h−1 (0.61, 0.45 and 0.52 kg (100 kg LW)−1h−1), respectively. Leaf accounted for 80%, 68% and 54% of intake for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Swathing lucerne reduced the diet selectivity by forcing cattle to take large bites that required many jaw movements to form a bolus that could be swallowed. It appeared that the mechanics of bolus formation determined ingestive behaviour of cattle eating swathed herbage.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1989.tb02171.x

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