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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 1270-1279 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An image processing system is described for use in micromechanics research on materials, such as for determining the displacements and strains surrounding crack tips. This vision system is a machine implementation of the stereoimaging technique that was developed for making submicron measurements of displacements under high resolution conditions. It uses a Cognex 2000 image processing system, cameras to obtain digital images from analog photographs, a graphics display terminal and track ball for operator interaction with the system, and a video display monitor for display of the measured displacements. Displacements are sent directly to an associated VAX that computes strains and permits their graphical display. The system is described in detail and examples of its use in micromechanics research are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— The plastic work to propagate a fatigue crack by a unit area, U, measured by the foil strain gage technique requires an extrapolation to estimate the contribution closer than 100 μm to the crack tip. This is due to the size of the strain-gages used, 200 × 210 μm. Conversely, the electron channeling technique for determining U is useful mainly close to the crack tip where subgrains form. In the present work U was measured by both techniques in the same low carbon steel at ΔK= 8 MN/m3/2. The contribution to U from closer than 100 μm of the crack tip was determined to be 1·7 × 106 J/m2 using electron channeling and 2·0 × 106 J/m2 by extrapolation. The measured contribution to U from further than 100 μm from the crack tip was 3·6 × 106 J/m2 giving 5·3 × 106 J/m2 for U. Thus, a large amount of energy is absorbed outside the region where sub-grains form. The non-hysteretic plastic work was found to be about four orders of magnitude smaller than the hysteretic plastic work, and may be neglected. A map of the plastic zone results from the strain-gage measurement. Rice's theory predicts the measured plastic zone sizeif the proper material's strength is employed in the formula.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 6 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Strains very near a growing fatigue crack have been computed from measured material displacements, both for a very dry environment and for humid air. Significant differences in crack tip strains arid crack tip opening displacements occur in these environments, with crack tip deformation in water vapor evidencing less plasticity than the dry environment. These quantitative results are incorporated into a previously developed mathematical model which is based, in part, on dynamic observations of intermittent crack growth. Fractography is shown to support the concepts of intermittent crack advance and decreased crack tip plasticity due to environmental water vapor.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 3 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Plastic zone size and shape and the distribution of strain within the plastic zone are determined for the high-strength aluminium alloys 2024-T4, 6061 T6, and 7075-T6 using the technique of selected area electron channeling. Plastic zone size is found to correlate with the work done in creating a unit of new crack surface and the yield stress, rather than with the stress intensity factor and yield stress. Plastic strain distribution is found to be a logarithmic function of distance from the crack tip, in agreement with the mathematical analysis for a moving crack in plane strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 7 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— Fatigue crack tip opening displacements and strains in the material very close to the crack tip have been determined from measured displacements for cracks grown in both vacuum and humid air environments. The environment alters both the relations between crack tip opening displacement and crack tip strain, and the effect of cyclic stress intensity on these factors. Results of dynamic observation of intermittent crack growth are correlated with fractographic evidence. The relationships between crack tip parameters are used in a previously developed mathematical model. The effect of wet air on fatigue crack growth is found to be a reduction in crack tip plasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 1 (1979), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Displacements in the region very near to a fatigue crack tip have been observed using a stereoimaging technique. The results of changing the minimum/maximum stress ratio, for a single overload and a single underload are given for a powder metallurgy aluminum alloy. Material motions near the crack tip are complex and depend on the loading characteristic. Compressive strain fields near the crack tip in the unloaded state were found to be highly dependent on load characteristic due to variation in reversed plasticity.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 12 (1976), S. 775-776 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 14 (1978), S. R87 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 24 (1989), S. 681-687 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Fracture toughnesses of several composites of aluminium alloys reinforced with particulate SiC have been measured. The variables were particulate size and volume fraction, and matrix alloy composition and heat treatment. Fracture surface profiles were measured and related to fractal dimension using the techniques of quantitative metallography. The fracture surface roughness was described well by fractals, but fracture toughness did not correlate with any measure of fracture surface roughness. An explanation for this behaviour is offered.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En faisant apparaître les électrons rétrodispersés lors de l'analyse scanning-microscope, on a détecté la formation d'une structure de sous-grain lors du passage d'une fissure de fatigue dans un acier à bas carbone. La distribution des tailles de sous-grain a été mesurée en fonction de l'intensité de contraînte cyclique et de l'environnement et à partir de ces données on a déterminé la contrainte cyclique et la distribution des amplitudes de déformation ainsi que l'énrgie dissipée lors de la propagation d'une fissure de fatigue. Ces résultats ont été comparés avec des données théoriques et expérimentales en provenance d'autres sources. L'énergie équivalente par unité de surface de croissance unitaire de la fissure correspondant à un environnement déterminé a été trouvée être 106 fois l'énergie de surface du fer. Dans un environnement inerte, l'amplitude de contrainte cyclique maximum développée à l'extrémité d'une fissure se trouve être approximativement 2, 3 fois la limite élastique et ce indépendamment de l'intensité de la contrainte cyclique. La vapeur d'eau affecte de manière effective cette amplitude de contrainte et conduit à supposer une dépendance sur l'intensité de contrainte cyclique.
    Notes: Abstract The formation of a subgrain structure by the passage of a fatigue crack in low-carbon steel has been detected by backscattered electron imaging in the SEM. The distribution of subgrain sizes has been measured as a function of cyclic stress intensity and environment, and from this data the cyclic stress and strain range distributions have been determined, as has the energy dissipated during propagation of the fatigue crack. These results are compared to theoretical and other experimental findings. The energy equivalent (per unit area of incremental crack advance) of the environment is found to be 106 times the surface energy of iron. In an inert environment, the maximum cyclic stress range developed at the crack tip is found to be approximately 2.3 times the yield stress, independent of cyclic stress intensity. Water vapor effectively lowers this stress range, and causes it to assume a dependence upon cyclic stress intensity.
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