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  • 1
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    The potential of carbonyl sulfide as a proxy for gross primary production at flux tower sites (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: Seasonal dynamics of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide (OCS) at regional and continental scales and plant OCS exchange at the leaf level have shown a close relationship with those for CO2. CO2 has both sinks and sources within terrestrial ecosystems, but the primary terrestrial exchange for OCS is thought to be leaf uptake, suggesting potential for OCS uptake as a proxy for gross primary production (GPP). We explored the utility of OCS uptake as a GPP proxy in micrometeorological studies of biosphere-atmosphere CO2 exchange by applying theoretical concepts from earlier OCS studies to estimate GPP. We partitioned measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using the ratio of measured vertical mole fraction gradients of OCS and CO2. At the Harvard Forest AmeriFlux site, measured CO2 and OCS vertical gradients were correlated and were related to NEE and GPP, respectively. Estimates of GPP from OCS-based NEE partitioning were similar to those from established environmental regression techniques, providing evidence that OCS uptake can potentially serve as a GPP proxy. Measured vertical CO2 mole fraction gradients at five other AmeriFlux sites were used to project anticipated vertical OCS mole fraction gradients to provide indication of potential OCS signal magnitudes at sites where no OCS measurements were made. Projected OCS gradients at sites with short canopies were greater than those in forests, including measured OCS gradients at Harvard Forest, indicating greater potential for OCS uptake as a GPP proxy at these sites. This exploratory study suggests that continued investigation of linkages between OCS and GPP is warranted.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Constraining surface carbon fluxes using in situ measurements of carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide (2014)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: [1]  Understanding the processes that control the terrestrial exchange of carbon is critical for assessing atmospheric CO 2 budgets. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is taken up by vegetation during photosynthesis following a pathway that mirrors CO 2 , but has a small or non-existent emission component. This tracer could thus provide a means to separate photosynthetic and respiration fluxes. We present field measurements of COS and CO 2 mixing ratios made during the summer of 2012 in a forest, senescent grassland and riparian ecosystem using a laser absorption spectrometer installed in a mobile trailer. Measurements of leaf fluxes with a branch-bag gas-exchange system were made across species from 10 genera of trees, and soil fluxes were measured with a flow-through chamber across a number of soil types. These data provide an extensive characterization of surface COS fluxes and show: (1) the existence of a narrow normalized daytime uptake ratio of COS to CO 2 across vascular plant species of 1.7, providing critical information for the application of COS to estimate photosynthetic CO 2 fluxes and (2) a temperature-dependent normalized uptake ratio of COS to CO 2 from soils. Significant nighttime uptake of COS was observed in broad-leafed species and revealed active stomatal opening hours prior to sunrise. Joint measurements of ambient near-surface COS and CO 2 concentrations are used here alongside the flux measurements to partition the relative influence that leaf and soil fluxes and entrainment of air from above have on the surface carbon budget. The time-dependent co-variation of COS and CO 2 in the ambient surface air sheds light on the dominant processes influencing the surface carbon budget in ways that cannot be done with measurements of only CO 2 . The results provide a number of critical constraints on the processes that control surface COS exchange, which can be used to diagnose the robustness of global models that are beginningto use COS to constrain terrestrial carbon exchange.
    Print ISSN: 0886-6236
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-9224
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Influence of carbonic anhydrase activity in terrestrial vegetation on the 18O content of atmospheric CO2 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-03
    Description: The oxygen-18 (18O) content of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important indicator of CO2 uptake on land. It has generally been assumed that during photosynthesis, oxygen in CO2 reaches isotopic equilibrium with oxygen in 18O-enriched water in leaves. We show, however, large differences in the activity of carbonic anhydrase (which catalyzes CO2 hydration and 18O exchange in leaves) among major plant groups that cause variations in the extent of 18O equilibrium (theta(eq)). A clear distinction in theta(eq) between C3 trees and shrubs, and C4 grasses makes atmospheric C18OO a potentially sensitive indicator to changes in C3 and C4 productivity. We estimate a global mean theta(eq) value of approximately 0.8, which reasonably reconciles inconsistencies between 18O budgets of atmospheric O2 (Dole effect) and CO2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gillon, J -- Yakir, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2584-7. Epub 2001 Mar 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/*metabolism ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*metabolism ; Climate ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis/metabolism ; Photosynthesis ; Plant Leaves/enzymology/metabolism ; Plants/enzymology/*metabolism ; Poaceae/enzymology/metabolism ; Seawater ; Soil ; Water/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Contribution of semi-arid forests to the climate system (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-23
    Description: Forests both take up CO2 and enhance absorption of solar radiation, with contrasting effects on global temperature. Based on a 9-year study in the forests' dry timberline, we show that substantial carbon sequestration (cooling effect) is maintained in the large dry transition zone (precipitation from 200 to 600 millimeters) by shifts in peak photosynthetic activities from summer to early spring, and this is counteracted by longwave radiation (L) suppression (warming effect), doubling the forestation shortwave (S) albedo effect. Several decades of carbon accumulation are required to balance the twofold S + L effect. Desertification over the past several decades, however, contributed negative forcing at Earth's surface equivalent to approximately 20% of the global anthropogenic CO2 effect over the same period, moderating warming trends.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rotenberg, Eyal -- Yakir, Dan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 22;327(5964):451-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1179998.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences and Energy Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20093470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climatic Processes ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Israel ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Temperature ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic dissection of cotton physiological responses to arid conditions and their inter-relationships with productivity (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 27 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Testing of the extent to which different complex traits share common genetic control provides a means to distinguish associations that are truly diagnostic of genetic potential for improved adaptation to abiotic stress, from incidental phenotypic correlations. In two generations of progeny from a cross between Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was used to evaluate correspondence in genetic control of selected physiological measures and productivity under water-limited and well-watered environments, respectively. A total of 33 QTLs were detected for five physiological variables [osmotic potential (OP), carbon isotope ratio (δ13C; indicator of water use efficiency), canopy temperature, chlorophyll a and b], and 46 QTLs for five measures of crop productivity [dry matter, seed cotton yield (SC), harvest index, boll weight, and boll number]. QTL likelihood intervals for high SC and low OP corresponded in three genomic regions, two of which mapped to homoeologous locations on the two subgenomes of tetraploid cotton. QTLs for δ13C showed only incidental association with productivity, indicating that high water use efficiency can be associated with either high or low productivity. Different cotton species have evolved different alleles related to physiological responses and productivity under water deficit, which may permit the development of genotypes that are better-adapted to arid conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2003.01134.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation to chilling: photosynthetic characteristics of the cultivated tomato and a high altitude wild species (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 9 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When tomato plants of the high-altitude species Lycopersicon hirsutum and of the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum were grown at 24/18°C (day/night), the effects of temperature, photon flux density, and intercellular CO2 concentration up to about 600 μl l−1 on net CO2 uptake were similar in the two species. Acclimation of these plants at 12/6°C (day/night) resulted, after 4 d or longer, in a similar downward shift of about 5°C in the optimum temperature for CO2 uptake. However, in comparison with the cultivated species, the high-altitude plants achieved a higher rate of CO2 uptake at saturating concentrations of intercellular CO2, maintained a higher level of saturating-light CO2 uptake rate at 10°C after exposure to chilling stress (10°C and photon flux density of 400 μmol m−2s−1 d and 5°C night) for 7–18 d, and displayed a better capacity for rapid recovery after prolonged stress. The greater capacity for CO2 uptake observed in the high-altitude species during and after exposure to chilling stress was also reflected in its higher growth rate under those conditions compared with plants of L. esculentum. These advantages of the high-altitude species may partly explain its ability to survive and complete its life cycle under the environmental conditions prevailing in its natural habitat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1986.tb01763.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal and spatial variations in the oxygen-18 content of leaf water in different plant species (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Temporal variations in the δ18 oxygen (δ18O) content of water transpired by leaves during a simulated diurnal cycle fluctuated around the δ18O content of the source water. Reconstructed variations in the δ18O values of leaf water differed markedly from those predicted by conventional models. Even when transpiring leaves were maintained under constant conditions for at least 3 h, strict isotopic steady-state conditions of leaf water (equality of the 18O/16O ratios in the input and transpired water) were rarely attained in a variety of plant species (Citrus reticu-lata, Citrus paradisi, Gossypium hirsutum, Helianthus annuns, Musa musaceae and Nicotinia tabacum). Isotopic analysis of water transpired by leaves indicated that leaves approach the isotopic steady state in two stages. The first stage takes 10 to 35 min (with a rate of change of about 3–3%h−1), while in the second stage further approach to the isotopic steady state is asymptotic (with a rate of change of about 0–4% h−1), and under conditions of low transpiration leaves can last for many hours. Substantial spatial isotopic heterogeneity was maintained even when leaves were at or near isotopic steady state. An underlying pattern in this isotopic heterogeneity is often discerned with increasing 18O/16O ratios from base to tip, and from the centre to the edges of the leaves. It is also shown that tissue water along these spatial isotopic gradients, as well as the average leaf water, can have 18O/16O ratios both lower and higher than those predicted by the conventional Craig and Gordon model. We concluded, first, that at any given time during the diurnal cycle of relative humidity the attainment of an isotopic steady state in leaf water cannot be assumed a priori and, secondly, that the isotopic enrichment pattern of leaf water reflects gradual enrichment along the water-flow pathway (e.g. as in a string of pools), rather than a single-step enrichment from source water, as is normally assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00198.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isotopic heterogeneity of water in transpiring leaves: identification of the component that controls the δ18O of atmospheric O2 and CO2 (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Two direct but independent approaches were developed to identify the average δ18O value of the water fraction in the chloroplasts of transpiring leaves. In the first approach, we used the δ18O value of CO2 in isotopic equilibrium with leaf water to reconstruct the δ18O value of water in the chloroplasts. This method was based on the idea that the enzyme carbonic anhydrase facilitates isotopic equilibrium between CO2 and H2O predominantly in the chloroplasts, at a rate that is several orders of magnitude faster than the non-catalysed exchange in other leaf water fractions. In the second approach, we measured the δ18O value of O2 from photosynthetic water oxidation in the chloroplasts of intact leaves. Since O2 is produced from chloroplast water irreversibly and without discrimination, the δ18O value of the O2 should be identical to that of chloroplast water. In intact, transpiring leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. giant mammoth) under the experimental conditions used, the average δ18O value of chloroplasts water was displaced by 3—10 % (depending on relative humidity and atmospheric composition) below the value predicted by the conventional Craig & Gordon model. Furthermore, this δ18O value was always lower than the δ18O value that was measured for bulk leaf water. Our results have implications for a variety of environmental studies since it is the δ18O value of water in the chloroplasts that is the relevant quantity in considering terrestrial plants influence on the δ18O values of atmospheric CO2 and O2, as well as in influencing the δ18O of plant organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00267.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel water movement between parenchyma and chlorenchyma of two desert CAM plants under dry and wet conditions (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 14 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Electric-circuit analogue models of the water relations of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) succulents such as Agave deserti and Ferocactus acanthodes have predicted diel movement of water between the water-storage parenchyma and the photo-synthetic chlorenchyma. Injection of tritiated water into either tissue in the laboratory confirmed substantial and bidirectional water movements, especially under conditions of wet soil. For A. deserti, water movement from the water-storage parenchyma to the chlorenchyma increased at night as the chlorenchyma osmotic pressure increased. Although nocturnal osmotic pressure increases and transpiration for both species were minimal in the field under dry conditions, diel changes in the deuterium: hydrogen ratio (expressed as ΔD) were similar for the water-storage parenchyma and the chlorenchyma. Such indication of [substantial mixing of water between the tissues over a 24-h cycle was more evident under wet conditions in the field. For A. deserti, ΔD then increased by 32%o from the afternoon to midnight and was essentially identical in the water-storage parenchyma and the chlorenchyma. For F. acanthodes, the diel changes in ΔD were one-third those of A. deserti, and ΔD was always slightly higher for the chlorenchyma than for the water-storage parenchyma, apparently reflecting the lower surface-to-volume ratio of A. deserti. In summary, data obtained using radioactive and stable isotopes strongly supported model predictions concerning diel cycles of internal water distribution for these CAM species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb00950.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of water stress on oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios in two species of cotton plants (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 13 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Two cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. SJ-2 and Gossypium barbadence cv. S-5) were grown under irrigated (wet) and non-irrigated (dry) conditions in the same field. Leaf water was enriched in 18O and deuterium in the dry treatment relative to the wet treatment for both species. Only in plants of S-5 was a similar enrichment observed in leaf cellulose. In both species, the isotopic composition of leaf cellulose must reflect the isotopic composition of the actual water pool involved in cellulose synthesis. Therefore, our observations indicate that one species (SJ-2) can maintain a relative isolation of this water pool from direct evapotranspirational effects. Such plant species will more faithfully record, in the isotopic composition of organic matter, the isotopic composition of ground water. In contrast, the isotopic composition of organic matter in plants such as S-5 could be used as an integrated signal reflecting humidity conditions during growth. Water use efficiency, based on seed-cotton yield and total water applied, correlated linearly with differences in carbon isotopic ratios between species in both the wet and dry treatments and between treatments in each species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01985.x
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