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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2005-12-03
    Description: Taste receptor cells detect chemicals in the oral cavity and transmit this information to taste nerves, but the neurotransmitter(s) have not been identified. We report that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the key neurotransmitter in this system. Genetic elimination of ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X2 and P2X3) eliminates taste responses in the taste nerves, although the nerves remain responsive to touch, temperature, and menthol. Similarly, P2X-knockout mice show greatly reduced behavioral responses to sweeteners, glutamate, and bitter substances. Finally, stimulation of taste buds in vitro evokes release of ATP. Thus, ATP fulfils the criteria for a neurotransmitter linking taste buds to the nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finger, Thomas E -- Danilova, Vicktoria -- Barrows, Jennell -- Bartel, Dianna L -- Vigers, Alison J -- Stone, Leslie -- Hellekant, Goran -- Kinnamon, Sue C -- P30 DC04657/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC00766/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC06070/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Dec 2;310(5753):1495-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora CO 80045, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16322458" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Chorda Tympani Nerve/*metabolism ; Glossopharyngeal Nerve/*metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X2 ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X3 ; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/genetics/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Taste Buds/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Analytical studies of the stresses on and within ultra high molecular weight polyethylene joint components suggest that damage modes associated with polyethylene fatigue failure are caused by a combination of surface and subsurface crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under mixed mode loading conditions were conducted on center-cracked tension specimens machined from extruded blocks of sterilized polyethylene in an attempt to determine how fatigue cracks change direction in this material. Cyclic testing was performed using a sinusoidal wave form at a frequency of 5 Hz and an R-ratio (minimum load/ maximum load) of 0.15. Specimens had the notch oriented perpendicular to the direction of applied load and at angles of 60° and 45° to the loading direction. Numerical analyses were used to interpret the experimental test and to predict the fatigue behavior of polyethylene under mixed mode conditions. It was found that all cracks eventually propagated horizontally, regardless of the initial angle of inclination of the notch to the direction of applied cyclic load. In fact, the extent of the curvilinear crack growth was quite limited. An effective range of cyclic stress intensity factor was calculated for correlation with the rate of crack growth. The results followed a Paris relation, with crack growth rate linearly related to a power of the range of stress intensity, for all three crack orientations. The numerical analyses adequately modeled the experimental fatigue crack growth results. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2015-05-06
    Description: Odorant receptors (OR) are strongly implicated in coalescence of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons and the formation of olfactory bulb (OB) glomeruli. However, when ORs are first expressed relative to basal cell division and OSN axon extension is unknown. We developed an in vivo fate-mapping strategy that enabled us to...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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