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  • 1
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    Implications of the gas compositional measurements of pioneer venus for the origin of planetary atmospheres (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-07-06
    Description: Comparisons are made between the volatile inventories of the terrestrial planets, including Pioneer Venus data, and the predictions of three classes of theories for the origin of planetary atmospheres. Serious difficulties arise for the primary atmosphere and external source hypotheses. The grain accretion hypothesis can account for the trends in the volatile inventory from Venus to Earth to Mars, if volatiles were incorporated into planet-forming grains at nearly the same temperature for all of these planets, but at systematically lower pressures in the regions of planet formation farther from the center of the solar nebula.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pollack, J B -- Black, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jul 6;205(4401):56-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17778901" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    The formation of stellar systems from interstellar molecular clouds (1984)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-05-25
    Description: Star formation, a crucial link in the chain of events that led from the early expansion of the universe to the formation of the solar system, continues to play a major role in the evolution of many galaxies. Observational and theoretical studies of regions of ongoing star formation provide insight into the physical conditions and events that must have attended the formation of the solar system. Such investigations also elucidate the role played by star formation in the evolutionary cycle which appears to dominate the chemical processing of interstellar material by successive generations of stars in spiral galaxies like our own. New astronomical facilities planned for development during the 1980's could lead to significant advances in our understanding of the star formation process. Efforts to identify and examine both the elusive protostellar collapse phase of star formation and planetary systems around nearby stars will be especially significant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gehrz, R D -- Black, D C -- Solomon, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1984 May 25;224(4651):823-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    The future of science in space (1987)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks, P M -- Black, D C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Apr 17;236(4799):244-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3563500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; *Space Flight ; Ussr ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of microturbulence enhanced electron collisionality in magnetized coaxial accelerator channels by direct magnetic field measurement (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 3581-3590 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A miniature magnetic probe array, consisting of 10 spatially separated coils, has been used to obtain profile information on the time varying magnetic field within the 2.54 cm wide flow channel of the coaxial plasma source experiment (CPS-1) [R. M. Mayo et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 4, 47 (1995)]. The magnetic field data have been used, together with a resistive, Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of applied field distortion by the flowing plasma, to obtain estimates of the microturbulent enhancement to electron collisionality within the CPS-1 flow channel. These measurements provide direct experimental evidence of anomalous electron collisionality, a previously predicted effect in these devices. The anomaly parameter, a=νan/νcl, determined both from the distortion of contours of constant magnetic flux, and from local Bθ and Bz measurements scales with the classical electron magnetization parameter (Ωcl=ωce/νecl), indicating that collisionality plays a strong role in determining the level of anomalous transport in the plasma. When this anomaly parameter scaling is cast in terms of the ratio νecl/ωlh, it is found that the resistivity enhancement scales with νecl/ωlh, and becomes significant at νecl/ωlh≤1, suggesting that a lower hybrid drift instability may be the responsible mechanism for enhanced transport. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872253
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory for a direct magnetic-field measurement of microturbulence enhanced electron collisionality (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 2 (1995), S. 337-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A theoretical framework is established for the description of anchored field-line distortion by a flowing resistive magnetofluid. The Hall effect is included and significantly influences field-line deformation in two dimensions when the electron magnetization parameter, ωce/νe(approximately-greater-than)1. Moreover, the formalism described herein provides for a direct and local magnetic-field determination of the effective electron collisionality, which may then be gauged against microturbulence descriptions of enhanced transport. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871110
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental determination of gap scaling in a plasma opening switch (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 3790-3796 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Experiments were performed to investigate the coupling between a ∼0.5 μs conduction-time, ∼0.5 MA conduction-current plasma opening switch (POS), and an electron-beam (e-beam) diode. Electrical diagnostics provided measurements of the voltage at the oil-vacuum insulator and at the diode as well as anode and cathode currents on the generator and load sides of the POS. These measurements were combined with a flow impedance model to determine the POS gap over a range of conduction times and e-beam diode impedances, and for two POS-to-load distances. A comparison of the inferred POS gap at peak power with the critical gap for magnetic insulation indicates that the POS gap is always saturated in both switch-limited and load-limited regimes. This POS gap-size scaling with load impedance is consistent with an opening mechanism dominated by erosion and not J×B forces. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1287914
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Direct magnetic field measurement of flow dynamics in magnetized coaxial accelerator channels (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 2820-2836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A miniature magnetic probe array, consisting of ten spatially separated coils, has been used to obtain profile information on the time-varying magnetic field within the 2.54 cm wide flow channel of the Coaxial Plasma Source experiment (CPS-1) [R. M. Mayo et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 4, 47 (1995)] at the North Carolina State University. Two-dimensional (2-D) current profiles within the annular flow channel, which were constructed from the time-varying magnetic field data, reveal several complex features reflecting the influence of gun inductance, the Hall effect, and the applied magnetic field. When an external, electrode linking magnetic field is applied, the evolution of the 2-D current profile shows evidence of an ionizing shock front identified by a narrow current sheet propagating through the channel during the first few microseconds of the discharge. The thickness of this current sheet is on the same order as both the collisional mean-free path and the ion electromagnetic skin depth. In this applied field case, the plasma is prevented from advancing ahead of the current sheet by the applied magnetic field, which turns the ions and electrons without collisions. In the absence of an applied field, plasma is able to advance ahead of the current sheet, where it may initiate ionization downstream before the advance of the ionization front. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872415
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional magnetic field evolution measurements and plasma flow speed estimates from the coaxial thruster experiment (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 1 (1994), S. 3115-3131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Local, time-dependent magnetic field measurements have been made in the Los Alamos coaxial thruster experiment (CTX) [C. W. Barnes et al., Phys. Fluids B 2, 1871 (1990); J. C. Fernández et al., Nucl. Fusion 28, 1555 (1988)] using a 24 coil magnetic probe array (eight spatial positions, three axis probes). The CTX is a magnetized, coaxial plasma gun presently being used to investigate the viability of high pulsed power plasma thrusters for advanced electric propulsion. Previous efforts on this device have indicated that high pulsed power plasma guns are attractive candidates for advanced propulsion that employ ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma stream flow through self-formed magnetic nozzles. Indirect evidence of magnetic nozzle formation was obtained from plasma gun performance and measurements of directed axial velocities up to vz∼107 cm/s. The purpose of this work is to make direct measurement of the time evolving magnetic field topology. The intent is to both identify that applied magnetic field distortion by the highly conductive plasma is occurring, and to provide insight into the details of discharge evolution. Data from a magnetic fluctuation probe array have been used to investigate the details of applied magnetic field deformation through the reconstruction of time-dependent flux profiles. Experimentally observed magnetic field line distortion has been compared to that predicted by a simple one-dimensional (1-D) model of the discharge channel. Such a comparison is utilized to estimate the axial plasma velocity in the thruster. Velocities determined in this manner are in approximate agreement with the predicted self-field magnetosonic speed and those measured by a time-of-flight spectrometer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.870503
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Completing the Copernican Revolution: The Search for Other Planetary Systems (1995)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 33 (1995), S. 359-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.aa.33.090195.002043
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High sensitivity, inductively coupled miniature magnetic probe array for detailed measurement of time varying magnetic field profiles in plasma flows (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1508-1516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A modified B(overdot) circuit design has been implemented as part of a miniature magnetic probe array for the Coaxial Plasma Source experiment [R. M. Mayo et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 4, 47 (1995)] at the North Carolina State University. This facility is currently being used for the generation of energetic plasma flows to allow laboratory study of magnetogasdynamics with particular emphasis on the importance of the Hall effect [D. C. Black et al., Phys. Plasma 1, 3115 (1994)] and plasma microinstabilities [R. M. Mayo et al., Phys. Plasma 2, 337 (1995)] to plasma transport in coaxial plasma sources. The miniature magnetic probe array consists of ten spatially separated coils wound on an Acetal form of dimensions 2.38 cm by 0.32 cm by 0.32 cm. At five positions, with roughly 0.32 cm separation, two mutually perpendicular coils are wound to measure the magnetic field in the θˆ and zˆ directions. The modification to the signal processing circuitry consists of the use of a step-up transformer to boost the probe signal prior to filtering and acquiring the signal at the data acquisition system. This additional means of amplifying the signal allows for reduction in the size of the probe, and thus helps minimize the perturbing effect of the magnetic probe on the plasma. An additional advantage of using a signal transformer is that it provides electrical isolation between the experiment and the data acquisition system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146882
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