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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of continuous and rotational silvopastoral systems for established walnut plantations in southwest Missouri, USA (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 44 (1998), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cattle ; forage quality ; grazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Forty-eight Holstein steers (average weight 243 kg ± 11.8) were utilized to study the performance of cattle grazing a mature walnut stand. Steers were grazed for 56 days in either a continuous (C) or rotational (R) silvopastoral system. Four 0.81 ha pastures were assigned to either the C or R system (two replications per treatment). Initial stocking rates for both treatments were 14.8 animals/ha which was reduced at the mid-point to 7.4 animals/ha. Forage quality, yield, and plant composition were measured weekly throughout the trial. Forage quality differences were determined by neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) measurements. Forage composition was determined by separating material into four categories: grass, legume, weed and dead plant material. Tree response (diameter at breast height and height growth) was measured prior to and following the grazing period. No significant differences were observed for cattle average daily gain between treatments. Forage availability was higher (P 〉 0.05) for the R treatment. There were no differences for %NDF (P 〈 0.10) while %ADF was lower (P 〉 0.10) and %CP tended (P = 0.12) to be higher for R when compared to C. Rotational pastures had higher (P 〉 0.10) percentages of grass and legume with lower (P 〉 0.10) percentage dead material. There were no treatment differences (P 〈 0.10) for tree diameter at breast height. The average height growth for C was 1.67 m while R was 1.19 m which was only numerically different (P = 0.13). It is postulated that differences in height growth were due to increased water competition in R due to increased soil moisture loss by vegetative growth and transpiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006206929983
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tree/wood quality in slash pine following long-term cattle grazing (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 44 (1998), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: growth rate ; Pinus elliottii ; specific gravity ; tracheid length ; tree grade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tree height, diameter, and grade were measured on 14 cattle grazing trial plots located on the Palustris Experimental Forest in Louisiana's Kisatchie National Forest. These plots had been established in the early 1960s. Mensurational data was gathered on 28 trees from grazed sites and another 28 from ungrazed plots. Increment cores were also taken from these trees. Statistical analyses showed no effect attributable to grazing on any of the variables measured: tree height, tree diameter at breast height, tree grade, growth rate, amount of latewood, unextracted specific gravity, or tracheid length.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006219231801
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEM and shrinkage analyses of Southern Pine wood following pyrolysis (1980)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 14 (1980), S. 115-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Samples of Southern Pine (Pinus spp.) charred to 250°, 300°, 350°, 400° or 600°C in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere at rates of 1°, 10° and 50°C/min were examined using the scanning electron microscope to quantify changes in cross-sectional tracheid dimensions. The disappearance of discrete cell wall layers was time-dependent as opposed to strictly temperature-dependent. Tracheid diameters decreased in response to temperature and charring rate. Double cell wall thickness values also decreased in response to charring. This shrinkage was nearly isotropic. Below 300°C, latewood cells were more stable than earlywood cells. Above 300°C, the reverse was true. This was attributed to the probable circumferential arrangement of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin within the cell wall. The highest rate of thermal degradation was between 300° and 350°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584041
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Small angle X-ray scattering measurement of porosity in wood following pyrolysis (1983)
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 17 (1983), S. 241-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Changes in the submicroscopic porosity in southern pine latewood resulting from pyrolysis at temperatures through 600°C were measured using small-angle X-ray scattering. Two types of scattering curves were observed: the first was obtained for wood and for less intense heat treatment; and the second, for samples heated above 300°C. This change was found to be associated with the thermal degradation of crystalline cellulose in the sample. Specific surfaces and the average dimensions of macropores and micropores were calculated from the second type of scattering curve. The specific surface was found to increase from 1.2 to 2.3 m2/gm as the temperature and heating time increased. The average dimensions of the macropores calculated from the scattering curves was about 15 nm. The first effect of heating sufficiently to decompose the crystalline cellulose was found to be the production of micropores with average diameters of about 0.7 nm. Micropore volume increased from 0.06 cm3/gm for the lower heating temperatures to about 0.13 cm3/gm for samples heated to 600°C. The average micropore dimension increased as the temperature was raised and the samples were heated for longer times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349913
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wood quality in alleycropped eastern black walnut (1993)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 22 (1993), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agroforestry ; Juglans nigra ; growth rate ; specific gravity ; fiber length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Thinnings from a 15-year-old eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) agroforestry plantation in SW Missouri (USA) were evaluated to determine the influence of cropping practices on wood quality. Growth rate was found to be strongly affected by weed control and cropping practices while specific gravity and fiber length (measured in selected stems) were found to be weakly affected. of Missouri's Agricutural Experiment Station Journal Series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707467
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State policies for agroforestry in the United States (1999)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 46 (1999), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: cost-sharing ; legistlation ; tax incentives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Existing state legislation and programs pertaining to agroforestry were determined in a 1995 nationwide survey of state- employed natural resource professionals in the United States. At that time, only 20 of the 50 states had legislation that could be identified as pertaining to any of the five major agroforestry practices: windbreaks, riparian buffers, alley-cropping, silvopasture, or forest farming. Nine states had direct legislation specifically referring to one or more of these agroforestry practices, while the remaining 11 states had indirect legislation that could be construed as pertaining to agroforestry. Cost-sharing was the most commonly employed incentive in the direct legislation states and windbreaks were the most common practice in those states. Tax incentives and cost-sharing were the most favored approaches in the 11 states with indirect legislation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006141924644
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  • 7
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    Wood quality in alleycropped eastern black walnut (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-4366
    Electronic ISSN: 1572-9680
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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