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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 273 (1978), S. 96-96 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR,-It was regrettable that Robert Walgate's report of the Pugwash workshop in Delhi (2 March, page 8) gave some credence to the allegations made against the Research Unit on Genetic Control of Mosquitos run in New Delhi by the WHO and Indian Council for Medical Research. The allegations have ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 218 (1968), S. 368-369 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] After the releases, the behaviour of the set of translocation chromosomes (T) in the population would depend on their viability and on the relative frequency of the T and normal chromosomes. Fig. 1 (lower) shows the course of change of T frequency as a result of natural selection. A large ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 31 (1975), S. 1139-1141 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Published data on an experimental release ofCulex pipiens carrying a male-linked translocation are re-examined and it is shown that the steady decline in translocation frequency after termination of releases agrees with theoretical expectations, because of the selective disadvantage of translocation heterozygote males. Systems based on negative heterosis or meiotic drive are considered whereby it might be possible to prolong the population control which would be achieved by a short term release.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 17 (1974), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des pupes de Glossina morsitans d'âge connu ont été irradiées à divers moments de leur développement. On a ainsi précisé les âges auxquels l'irradiation (dans l'air) n'empêche ni le développement, ni l'éclosion de la pupe. La survie des adultes mâles qui éclosent normalement de pupes irradiées à leur plus jeune âge est réduite par rapport à celle des mâles provenant de pupes irradiées tardivement, le jour même de l'éclosion. Dans les deux cas cependant la survie est prolongée quand l'irradiation des pupes se fait dans une atmosphère d'azote, plutôt que dans l'air. Les pupes ayant atteint l'âge pour lequel on obtient le maximum d'éclosions d'imagos mâles après irradiation peuvent être stockées à 10°–11° pendant 5 jours, de façon à s'assurer une production en séries de mâles irradiés. Cette technique permettrait d'irradier en un seul lot des pupes collectées au cours de plusieurs jours, ce qui est un avantage certain dans le cas d'un projet de lutte autocide. Plusieurs paramètres relatifs au comportement des mâles adultes peuvent être mesurés en laboratoire et cette étude montre que les mâles issus de pupes irradiées en atmosphère d'azote conservent un comportement plus proche de la normale que ceux provenant de pupes irradiées dans l'air, aux plus faibles doses nécessaires pour obtenir un même taux de réduction de la fertilité. Les mesures et les estimations des effets somatiques et génétiques des diverses doses et conditions d'irradiation sont prises en considération pour prévoir le traitement le plus efficace en vue d'obtenir une réduction optimale des populations dans le cadre d'un projet de lâchers de mâles stériles. Les calculs montrent que les conditions optima du traitement stérilisant peuvent différer selon les taux de réduction que l'on souhaite atteindre dans la population concernée. Cette notion peut avoir une importance considérable dans le cas où on s'adresse à des insectes ovipares dont le potentiel de reproduction est beaucoup plus grand que celui des Tsé-Tsé.
    Notes: Abstract Glossina morsitans pupae of known age were irradiated at different times during pupal life. The ages after which irradiation in air did not prevent development and normal eclosion, were identified. Irradiation at the earliest age which allowed normal eclosion of males resulted in decreased adult survival compared with pupae irradiated on the day of eclosion, but in both cases survival was improved by irradiating in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Pupae which had reached the day of peak male eclosion were stored at 10°–11° for 5 days and then produced a predictable flush of adult emergence following irradiation in nitrogen or in air. This technique, or the alternative of irradiation some days before eclosion is expected, would enable several days' collection of pupae to be treated as a single batch for the purposes of release in a sterile male control project. Laboratory measurements of several behavioural parameters showed that adult males, irradiated as pupae, can deviate from normal when compared with unirradiated controls. However, irradiation in nitrogen caused less alteration to behaviour than the lower doses in air required to achieve the same reduction in fertility. Measurements and estimates of the somatic and genetic effects of various irradiation treatments given under described conditions, were used to predict the treatment which would provide the optimal population suppression in a field control project involving the release of sterilized males. Computations have shown that the optimal sterilizing treatment may differ for different target levels of population reduction, and this concept may be of considerable significance in the control of oviparous insects with greater reproductive potential than tsetse flies.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Konkurrenzkraft vonAedes aegypti — Männchen ermittelt nach Anwendung von drei genetischen Verfahren, nämlich Chemosterilisation der Männchen, heterozygote doppelte Translokation (T1T3) und gestörte doppelte heterozygote Translokation (DT1T3) der Männchen, die in eine natürliche Population des hauptstädtischen Gebiets von Delhi freigelassen wurden; dabei wurde eine auf dem Prinzip des Freilassens und Wiederfangs von markierten Weibchen beruhende Methode verwendet. Chemosterilisierte und DT1T3 — Männchen zeigten annähernd normale Konkurrenzkraft, was den Ergebnissen von Labor- und Freilandkäfigversuchen entspricht. Die T1T3-Männchen zeigten verminderte Konkurrenzkraft im Feld und in Laborkäfigtests, im Gegensatz zu früher berichteten Befunden mit nicht-markierten T1T3-Männchen in Feldkäfigen. Die Ursache dieser Reduktion der Konkurrenzkraft war nicht klar.
    Notes: Abstract The competitiveness carrying males of three genetic control systems forAedes aegypti (L.), viz. chemosterilized males, double translocation heterozygote males (T1T3) and distorter double translocation heterozygote males (DT1T3), released into a natural population in the Delhi metropolitanxarea was evaluated using a method based on the principle of release and recapture of marked females. Chemosterilized males and DT1T3 males showed approximately normal competitiveness in the field which is similar to the results obtained from laboratory and field cage experiments. The T1T3 males were found to have reduced competitiveness both in the field and laboratory cage tests, in contrast to previously reported results with unmarked T1T3 males in field cages. The cause of this reduction in competitiveness was not clear.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 15 (1972), S. 360-376 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Puppen von Glossina morsitans wurden zur Sterilisierung bestrahlt. Es wurde ein Zeitpunkt ausgewählt, an dem fast alle weiblichen Fliegen schon geschlüpft waren, so daß nahezu ausschließlich die Männchen bestrahlt wurden. Eine Bestrahlung bei 20° C stimulierte das Schlüpfen der Fliegen. Wurde die Bestrahlung dagegen bei +2° in Luft oder Stickstoffatmosphäre vorgenommen, so konnte das Schlüpfen bis zum Wiedererwärmen verhindert werden. Diese Methode kann für Versuche im Freiland von großem Nutzen sein. Die Überlebens- und Sterilitätsrate wurden nach verschiedenen Bestrahlungsdosen in Stickstoffatmosphäre, in warmer oder kalter Luft verglichen. Wenn auch die Bestrahlung der Männchen vor dem Schlüpfen aus den Puppen mit einer bestimmten Dosis in Stickstoffatmósphäre zu einem geringeren Sterilitätsgrad führt, als die gleiche Bestrahlung in Luft, so liegt der Vorteil dieses Verfahrens jedoch in einer erheblich höheren Überlebensrate der sterilisierten Fliegen. Es kann damit jeder Sterilitätsgrad bei besserer Überlebensrate erzielt werden. Am rechnerischen Beispiel wird gezeigt, daß eine höhere Überlebensrate der sterilisierten Männchen für die Verminderung der Population von größerer Bedeutung ist, als der erzielte Sterilitätsgrad. Daher erscheint es günstiger, eine Bestrahlung in Stickstoffatmosphäre vorzunehmen.
    Notes: Abstract Male pupae of Glossina morsitans were irradiated at the very late pupal stage at which females had already emerged. By the use of nitrogen and/or cooling stimulated emergence from the treated pupae could be postponed for several hours after irradiation, which would be advantageous in a sterile male project. The male survival and fertility after various doses given in nitrogen or warm or cold air were compared and it was found that a specified level of fertility could be achieved with better survival if nitrogen was used rather than air. The likely population-suppressing effect of releases of males after various possible treatments was computed, and it was concluded that a dose in nitrogen which gives incomplete sterility would be the most efficient.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 52 (1989), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Anopheles gambiae ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; mosquito nets ; permethrin ; di-ethyl toluamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement de deux espèces de moustiques a été examiné en les lâchant dans un tunnel formé par 6 cages successives dans lesquelles étaient tendus, entre l'entrée et un animal proie, des filets de coton ou de nylon imprégnés de deet ou de permethrine. La répulsion par le deet (di-éthyl toluamide) s'est révélé plus efficace contre Culex quinquefasciatus avec les filets de coton tendus à une certaine distance de la proie plutôt qu'à proximité. Anopheles gambiae a été repoussé par des doses plus faibles de deet que C. quinquefasciatus. Une imprégnation du filet avec 25 ml/m2 est resté efficace pendant 7 semaines dans une pièce où l'air était calme. Conservé dans un emballage plastique la durée de conservation a été au moins d'un an. La permethrine imprégnant un filet de nylon de maille 4 à 6 mm a présenté un effet toxique et repulsif-excitant très fort contre A. gambiae. L'effet a été beaucoup plus faible lorsque les mailles étaient de 18 mm. La permethrine, imprégnant un filet de coton de maille 8 mm, a fourni une très bonne protection contre les moustiques pendant au moins 30 semaines. Il n'y a pas eu de différences significatives entre des doses de 0,2 et 0,5 g/m2.
    Notes: Abstract Behaviour of two species of mosquitoes was studied by releasing them into a ‘tunnel’ of cages in which either deet or permethrin impregnated wide-mesh cotton or nylon netting was stretched across the tunnel between the mosquito entry point and an animal bait. Di-ethyl toluamide (deet) was found to be more effective in repelling Culex quinquefasciatus say when pieces of impregnated thick cotton netting were placed at a distance from the bait rather than close to the bait. Anopheles gambiae Giles was repelled at lower deet dosages than was Cx. quinquefasciatus. One impregnation remained effective for 7 weeks when the netting was impregnated with 25 ml per m2 held in still air in a room. When it was held in a plastic bag the ‘shelf life’ was at least one year. Permethrin impregnated nylon netting of 4 mm or 6 mm mesh-size had a strong toxic and excitorepellent effect on An. gambiae. However, the effects were much weaker when the mesh size was 13 mm. Permethrin impregnated 8 mm-mesh thick, cotton netting offered very good protection against mosquitoes for at least 30 weeks. There was no marked difference in effectiveness between doses of 0.2 or 0.5 g/m2.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 175-179 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: mosquito repellents ; di-ethyl toluamide ; permethrin ; pyrethrins ; soap ; mosquito coils ; vaporizing mats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparisons were made with human subjects of repellency of free flying Anopheles gambiae using soaps containing deet and permethrin or permethrin alone. The reduction in biting did not differ statistically significantly between these two forms of repellent soap. Some mosquitoes which touched the permethrin soap layer without biting died within the next day. The soap with deet was compared with the same amount of deet in a commercially available stick or as a liquid. Only in the latter form did the repellent show resistance to being washed off by cold water. Electrically heated vaporizing mats containing bio-allethrin were shown to be more effective than smouldering coils containing natural pyrethrins, in that there was more complete prevention of biting, and more rapid knock-down and kill. Operation of the vaporizing mat caused deposition of insecticide on the room surfaces.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anopheles gambiae ; Mosquitoes ; Insecticide resistance ; Dieldrin ; DDT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les effets possiblesde gènes de résistance aux insecticides—ou de gènes qui leur sont étroitement liés—en croisant des lignées résistantes et sensibles, en élevant des F2 et en soumettant les moustiques provenant d'émergences de plusieurs jours consécutifs à différentes doses d'insecticides pour distinguer différents génotypes résistants. Dans le cas d'un gène semi-dominant de résistance à la dieldrine, la mortalité à l'insecticide diminue significativement les jours d'émergence les plus tardifs, ce qui indique un développement plus lent des individus résistants. Ces résultats ont permis de montrer une augmentation moyenne d'un demi-jour de la durée de développement des homozygotes résistants par rapport aux sensibles. On n'a pas observé de tels effets pour les gènes dominants de résistance à la dieldrine ou au DDT. Les études sur la mortalité avec les tests à la dieldrine des larves de premier stade provenant des pontes successives des femelles de F2 laissent supposer une survie différentielle ou une persistance de la fécondité chez les femelles résistantes et sensibles. Cependant, la comparaison des essais au premier stade avec des essais sur la même génération élevée jusqu'à l'adulte ne démontre pas une survie différentielle significative pendant les stades aquatiques. On devrait s'attendre d'après l'ampleur des effets observés à seulement de faibles pressions de la sélection naturelle.
    Notes: Abstract Possible effects of insecticide resistance genes, or genes closely linked to them, on larval development time were investigated by crossing resistant and susceptible strains, rearing an F2 and testing the mosquitoes emerging on successive days with insecticide dosages which discriminate between different resistance genotypes. In the case of a semi-dominant dieldrin resistance gene, insecticide mortality declined significantly on the later days of emergence indicating slower development of the resistants, and calculations from the results indicated an increase of about half a day in the mean development time of resistant homozygotes compared with susceptibles. No such effects were established for dominant dieldrin or DDT resistance genes. Studies of the mortality in dieldrin tests of 1st instar larvae derived from successive ovipositions by F2 females gave some evidence for differential survival or persistence of fecundity in resistant and susceptible females. However, comparison of the 1st instar tests with tests of the same generation reared through to young adults gave no evidence for significant differential survival of the aquatic stages. The magnitude of the effects found would be expected to lead only to mild pressures of natural selection.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 495-496 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Under the heading 'Screwworm eradication, a grand delusion' Readshaw1 appears to belittle the effects of the campaign to eradicate the screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominovorax) from the southern United States and Mexico. He claims that most, if not all, of the changes in screwworm incidence in ...
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