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  • 1
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    The global biogeography of tree leaf form and habit (2023)
    In:  Nature Plants vol. 9 no. 11, pp. 1795-1809
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-06
    Description: Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for \ncomprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water \nand nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors infuencing \nforest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global \nproportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous \ntrees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced \nassessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory \ndata with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit \n(evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf \nhabit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf \nform is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, \nwe estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, \n29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and \n5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution \namong these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4\xe2\x80\x89Gt), 54% (335.7\xe2\x80\x89Gt), 22% \n(136.2\xe2\x80\x89Gt) and 3% (18.7\xe2\x80\x89Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending \non future emissions pathways, 17\xe2\x80\x9334% of forested areas will experience \nclimate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a \ndiferent forest type, highlighting the intensifcation of climatic stress on \nexisting forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their \ncorresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will \nexert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve \npredictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  Nature vol. 624 no. 7990, pp. 92-101
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land \nuse and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1 \n. Remote-sensing \nestimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2\xe2\x80\x935 \n are characterized by \nconsiderable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to \nbenchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 \n and satellitederived approaches2,7,8 \n to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential \noutside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions \ndemonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% diference \nbetween the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest \ncarbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total defcit of 226\xe2\x80\x89Gt \n(model range\xe2\x80\x89=\xe2\x80\x89151\xe2\x80\x93363\xe2\x80\x89Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139\xe2\x80\x89Gt\xe2\x80\x89C) \nof this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can \nallow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87\xe2\x80\x89Gt\xe2\x80\x89C) of potential lies in \nregions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot \nbe a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 \n that the \nconservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests ofer \nvaluable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
    Keywords: Multidisciplinary
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relative quantification of membrane-associated calcium in red spruce mesophyll cells (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Red spruce ; Mesophyll cell ; Membrane-associated calcium (mCa) ; Chlorotetracycline (CTC) ; Fluorescence microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We describe a method for localizing and comparing relative amounts of plasma membrane-associated calcium ions (mCa) in complex tissues and verify the procedure for mesophyll cells of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) needles. This technique incorporates epifluorescence microscopy using the fluorescent probe chlorotetracycline (CTC) with computer image processing and analysis. Using an appropriate standardization for image brightness, the procedure allows relative quantitative comparison of CTC-fluorescence in the plasma membrane-cell wall region that corresponds to relative amounts of mCa. The technique effectively discerned mCa differences among red spruce needle sections exposed to treatments designed to alter mCa levels in vitro. Estimates of mCa for nine red spruce seedlings, were highly repeatable over a 6 week period in late summer. This repeatability verifies that the described methods produce reliable and reproducible estimates of foliar mCa in woody plant foliage. By incorporating image analysis, this technique allows for relative quantitative estimates of mCa specific to the physiologically-important and labile pool of Ca associated with the plasma membrane-wall complex. Such measurements have not previously been reported for woody plant tissues and thus may provide new insights into the relative roles and responsiveness of mCa vs total foliar Ca pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050117
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminum-mycorrhizal interactions in the physiology of pitch pine seedlings (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 125 (1990), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum ; ectomycorrhizae ; phosphorus ; Pinus rigida ; Pisolithus tinctorius ; sand culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum (Al) in the rhizosphere adversely affects plant nutrition and growth. Although many conifer species, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) in particular, have evolved on acidic soils where soluble Al is often high, controlled environment studies often indicate that Al interferes with seedling growth and nutrient relations. Under normal field conditions, conifer roots grow in a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi, and this association may modulate the effects of Al on root physiology. To investigate the influence of mycorrhizal infection on Al toxicity, pitch pine seedlings were grown with or without the ectomycorrhizal symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius and were exposed to low levels of Al in sand culture. Aluminum at 50 μM reduced nonmycorrhizal seedling growth and increased foliar Al concentrations, but did not alter photosynthetic gas exchange or other aspects of seedling nutrition. Nonmycorrhizal seedlings exposed to 200 μM Al exhibited decreased growth, increased transpiration rates, decreased water use efficiency, increased foliar Al and Na levels, and reduced foliar P concentrations. Seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius exhibited unaltered growth, physiological function, and ionic relations when exposed to Al. The fungal symbiont evidently modulated ionic relations in the rhizosphere, reducing Al-P precipitation reactions, Al uptake, and subsequent root and shoot tissue Al exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010739
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  • 5
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    Effect of aluminum on the growth and nutrition of tulip-poplar seedlings (1999)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-12-15
    Description: Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfate is acidifying some ecosystems, potentially increasing the availability of aluminum in the soil solution. The effects of Al on tulip-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were investigated with seedlings grown in sand culture. Seedlings were exposed to Al at four concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 µM. Reductions of 77% in shoot biomass and 71% in root biomass were observed at 200 µM Al. Aluminum reduced the concentrations of multivalent cations in leaves and roots. The Ca concentration of leaves was reduced at 400 µM Al, and the Mg concentration of roots was significantly reduced at 200 µM Al. Relationships between tissue Ca, Mg, and Al indicated that Al alters the translocation of Ca and Mg to the shoots and the accumulation of Mg in the roots. If mature trees respond in a similar fashion as seedlings noted here, then tulip-poplar has a low threshold for A1 toxicity, which may lead to declines in the health of tulip-poplar populations in ecosystems exposed to elevated levels of acidic deposition.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 6
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    Mycorrhizae confer aluminum resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings (2001)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    Organic acid e×udation by Laccaria bicolor and Pisolithus tinctorius e×posed to aluminum in vitro (2001)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    Extracellular Soil Enzyme Activities in High-Elevation Mixed Red Spruce Forests in Central Appalachia, U.S.A. (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-21
    Description: Anthropogenic emissions have impacted terrestrial forest ecosystem processes in North America since the industrial revolution. With the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970 in the United States, atmospheric inputs of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) into forests in the Appalachian Mountains have declined, which have, potentially, mitigated their effects on processes such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Activities of microbial extracellular soil enzymes (ESEs) mediate many rate-limiting nutrient transformations in forest soils and play important roles in the decomposition of complex organic compounds. Soils in high-elevation red spruce forests are characterized by low pH and high carbon (C):N ratios and, having historically received extremely high levels of N deposition, may exhibit legacy impacts of deposition on nutrient availability and decomposition. We utilized four sites along a modeled gradient of N deposition in central Appalachia to assess contemporary ESEs in bulk soil under Acer rubrum L., Betula alleghaniensis Britt., and Picea rubens Sarg. in May, June, and July 2016. Increasing N deposition led to increases in organic fraction C and N and decreases in phosphorus (P). Sites receiving higher N also exhibited greater mineral fraction C, N, and P. ESEs were highest in organic fractions with acid phosphatases (AP) exhibiting the highest activity. There was little influence of N deposition on organic fraction ESEs, but strong evidence for a positive relationship between N deposition and activities of AP, β-glucosidases (BG), and chitinase (NAG) in mineral fractions. Species effects on ESEs were present with high AP in organic fractions under spruce and high mineral fraction fungal laccase (LAC) under birch. The sampling season demonstrated little effect on ESEs. ESEs were more strongly influenced by plot-level factors, such as tree species diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) tree species, than temporal or soil factors or nutrient status related to modeled cumulative N deposition across these sites. Decreases in AP, BG, and NAG activities with greater abundance of broadleaf deciduous species and increases in activities with ECM host abundance indicate that microbial communities driven by these plant functional groups are responsible for the differences in ESEs observed in these high-elevation mixed red spruce stands.
    Electronic ISSN: 1999-4907
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Development of Soils and Communities of Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on West Virginia Surface Mines (2014)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-07
    Print ISSN: 0364-152X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1009
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Mycorrhizae confer aluminum resistance to tulip-poplar seedlings (2001)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-01
    Description: Aluminum (Al) toxicity may limit the growth and nutrient acquisition of sensitive tree species in regions receiving acidic deposition. Symbioses between tree roots and mycorrhizal fungi may offset the negative impacts of Al in the root zone. Liriodendron tulipifera L. (tulip-poplar) is an important tree species in the Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern United States and may be at risk from the high levels of acidic deposition in that area. Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tulip-poplar seedlings were exposed to Al levels of 0, 50, 100, and 200 µM in sand culture for 6 weeks. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated two to seven times the shoot and root biomass of non-mycorrhizal plants and demonstrated no decreases in biomass with Al exposure. Non-mycorrhizal plants exhibited significant reductions in biomass at and above 100 µM Al. Aluminum toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants appears to be the result of the disruption of P translocation to leaves and Ca, Mg, P, Cu, and Zn uptake in roots. Mycorrhizal plants accumulated 2 and 1.5 times the concentration of Al in shoots and roots, respectively, indicating that Al resistance was not associated with the exclusion of Al from the plant. Patterns of labile Al in solution, nutrients, and Al accumulation in tissues suggest that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal ecotypes may alter the form or compartmentation of Al within the rhizosphere and plant, thus protecting seedlings from the effects of exposure to Al in the soil solution.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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