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  • 1
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    Updated ice core record captures industrial era carbon variability (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-18
    Description: In 1999, researchers published data from ice cores collected at Law Dome, a research site in East Antarctica. These data are distinguished by their high time resolution and by their overlap with modern measurements, providing one of the most important records of how the atmosphere's chemical composition changed over the past 1000 years. Air trapped in bubbles in the ice core let researchers measure the concentration of carbon dioxide and other gases and analyze the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotopes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Burning fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide that is depleted in carbon-13 isotopes, and the Law Dome record provided evidence that modern increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide are due to anthropogenic activity. In a new study, Rubino et al ., a team that includes some of the authors from the original analysis, use novel tools and techniques to update their ice core record.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Atlantic overturning circulation susceptible to tipping point shift (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: A sudden shift in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is thought to be the most important mechanism behind several past abrupt changes in the climate. AMOC transports heat, salt, and nutrients throughout the Atlantic Ocean. Paleoclimate evidence has shown that changes in its strength affect the climate worldwide. Whether AMOC could suddenly shift again depends on whether the circulation can exist in more than one stable state.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Improving measurement of Chesapeake Bay's dead zone (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: In the 1930s, researchers first noticed that the Chesapeake Bay had a dead zone, an expanse of water with drastically reduced concentrations of oxygen. In the 1980s, hypoxia—low-oxygen conditions—gave way in some places to anoxia—a near-total depletion of dissolved oxygen. A lack of oxygen makes the water inhospitable for many marine organisms, and the Chesapeake Bay is the focus of major ecosystem rehabilitation efforts.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    Parts of Amazon on the verge of forest-to-grassland shift (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: The stability of the Amazon rainforest and the ecosystem's resilience to widespread deforestation may be much lower than previously thought. The replacement of stands of trees with grassland changes evapotranspiration rates and atmospheric moisture convergence, which, in turn, reduce regional rainfall. This feedback effect could drive further deforestation. Previous research indicated that a dramatic shift from forest to grassland could overtake the Amazon when the total deforested area hits 40% to 50% of the forest's current size. New research by Pires and Costa , however, found that the deforestation needed to trigger this equilibrium shift is much lower, closer to just 10%.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    2012 Great Plains drought not caused by climate change (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: From May to July 2012, the Great Plains region of the western United States faced a powerful and unpredicted drought. Following 7 months of normal rainfall, the drought was one of the largest deviations from seasonal precipitation rates seen in the region since observations began in 1895. When such extreme events take place today against the backdrop of ongoing global climate change, they raise questions about the relationship between climate change and natural disasters.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 6
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    Do tree ring chronologies have missing rings that distort volcanic cooling signal?: Fixing tree ring chronologies yields closer agreement with models (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-18
    Description: Climate models generally show that when a massive volcano erupts, scattering reflective aerosols across the globe, the planet's temperature declines for up to a few years. However, when researchers look at reconstructed temperature records built on annual tree ring measurements, this volcanic cooling often appeared much weaker than expected or was nonexistent. In a new study reanalyzing regional tree ring growth records, Mann et al . provide a possible explanation for the absence of the cooling effect.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
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    Gravity waves could explain powerful thermospheric cooling (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: For the past few decades the upper reaches of Earth's atmosphere have been cooling much faster than researchers anticipated. While the rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is heating the air near the ground, that same increase is expected to cool the thermosphere—the atmospheric band that stretches from around 80 kilometers altitude to the exosphere at 500 kilometers—by emitting heat into space. However, while carbon dioxide should theoretically cool the thermosphere by around 2 kelvins per decade, the observed cooling was around 10 times this rate. Building on recent theoretical and modeling work, Oliver et al . lay out a mechanism that could explain the observed cooling.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
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    Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: Humans are now the dominant driver of global climate change. From ocean acidification to sea level rise, changes in precipitation patterns, and rising temperatures, global warming is presenting us with an uncertain future. However, this is not the first time human civilizations have faced a changing world. In the AGU monograph Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations, editors Liviu Giosan, Dorian Q. Fuller, Kathleen Nicoll, Rowan K. Flad, and Peter C. Clift explore how some ancient peoples weathered the shifting storms while some faded away. In this interview , Eos speaks with Liviu Giosan about the decay of civilizations, ancient adaptation, and the surprisingly long history of humanity's effect on the Earth .
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Coupled model boosts reproduction of inner magnetosphere ring current (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The inner magnetosphere ring current, which circles the Earth a few Earth radii above the surface, consists of energetic ions and electrons and plays an important role in the space environment. During geomagnetic storms the flow in the ring current rises dramatically. The behavior of the ring current and other features of the inner magnetosphere depend strongly on conditions in other regions of the magnetosphere. The small scale of the particle dynamics that drive the ring current, compared to the vast spatial scale of the entire magnetosphere, makes it difficult to represent both the nuance of the inner magnetosphere and the full scope of the magnetospheric system.
    Print ISSN: 0096-3941
    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Identifying the physical processes that control the stratigraphic record (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The stratigraphic record, the sequential layers of sediment that geologists use to reconstruct the history of a landscape, has been described as “more gaps than record.” The record, laid down over time as sediment settles out from flowing water, does not grow consistently. Pauses in sediment deposition can leave gaps, and periods of heightened erosion can wipe out sections. Although attempts have been made to identify the processes that control the completeness of the stratigraphic record, early analyses relied on parameters (such as the long-term sediment accumulation rate) that are not first-order physical landscape processes.
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    Electronic ISSN: 2324-9250
    Topics: Geosciences
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